Example of memory leak in c++ (by use of exception

问题:

In C++ How to program there is a paragraph that say:

A common programming practice is to allocate dynamic memory, assign the address of that memory to a pointer, use the pointer to manipulate the memory and deallocate the memory with delete when the memory is no longer needed. If an exception occurs after successful memory allocation but before the delete statement executes, a memory leak could occur. The C++ standard provides class template unique_ptr in header to deal with this situation.

Any on could introduce me a real example that exception occur and memory will leak like this post?

回答1:

class MyClass
{
public:
    char* buffer;
    MyClass(bool throwException)
    {
        buffer = new char[1024];
        if(throwException)
            throw std::runtime_error("MyClass::MyClass() failed");
    }

    ~MyClass()
    {
        delete[] buffer;
    }
};

---

int main()
{
    // Memory leak, if an exception is thrown before a delete
    MyClass* ptr = new MyClass(false);
    throw std::runtime_error("<any error>");
    delete ptr;
}

---

int main()
{
    // Memory leak due to a missing call to MyClass()::~MyClass()
    // in case MyClass()::MyClass() throws an exception.
    MyClass instance = MyClass(true);
}

See also: C++ : handle resources if constructors may throw exceptions (Reference to FAQ 17.4]

回答2:

A bit more subtle example.

Take an naive implementation of a class that holds two dynamically allocated arrays:

struct Foo {
private:
    int* first;
    int* second;
public:
    Foo()
        : first(new int[10000])
        , second(new int[10000])
    { }

    void Bar() { throw 42; }

    ~Foo()
    {
        delete [] first;
        delete [] second;
    }
};

int main()
{
    Foo f;
    /* more code */
}

Now, if we get an exception because we call method Bar somewhere, everything's fine - the stack unwinding guarantess that f's destructor gets called.

But if we get a bad_alloc when initializing second, we leak the memory that first points to.

回答3:

void func()
{
    char *p = new char[10];
    some_function_which_may_throw(p);
    delete [] p;
}

If the call to some_function_which_may_throw(p) throws an exception we leak the memory pointed to by p.

回答4:

Simple example

try { 
  int* pValue = new int();
  if (someCondition) { 
    throw 42;
  }
  delete pValue;
} catch (int&) { 

}

回答5:

To have a less contrived example, I recently found this potential leak in my code when allocating nodes with a given allocator object.

std::unique_ptr<node,alloc_aware> allocate_new_node(allocator& al, const value_type^ v) {
    char* buffer = al.allocate(sizeof(node)); //allocate memory
    return std::unique_ptr<node>(al.construct(buffer, v),{al})); //construct
}

It's less obvious how to fix this because of the buffer, but with help I got it:

struct only_deallocate {
    allocator* a;    
    size_type s;
    only_deallocate(allocator& alloc, size_type size):a(&alloc), s(size) {}
    template<class T> void operator()(T* ptr) {a->deallocate(ptr, s);}
    operator alloc_aware() const {return alloc_aware(*a, s);}
};

std::unique_ptr<node,alloc_aware> allocate_new_node(allocator& al, const value_type& v) {
    std::unique_ptr<node, only_deallocate> buf(alloc.allocate(sizeof(node)),{alloc, sizeof(node)});//allocate memory
    alloc.construct(buf.get(), value);
    return std::unique_ptr<node,alloc_aware>(std::move(buf));
}

Compiling Code here