Why type(classInstance) is returning 'instance

问题:

I have a method that accepts a parameter that can be of several types, and has to do one thing or other depending on the type, but if I check the type of said parameter, I don't get the 'real' type, I always get <type 'instance'>, and that is messing up with my comparisons.

I have something like:

from classes import Class1
from classes import Class2
# Both classes are declared in the same file.
# I don't know if that can be a problem         #
# ... #
def foo(parameter)
    if (type(parameter) == type(Class1()):
    # ... #
    elif (type(parameter) == type(Class2()):
    # ... #

And as type(parameter) returns <type 'instance'> and type(Class1()) is <type 'instance'> as well, it turns out that even if the parameter is an instance of Class2, it is going into the first comparison...

By the way, str(parameter.__class__) properly shows classes.Class1 . I guess I could always use that, but I would like to understand what's going on... I have made tenths of comparisons like this and all them worked properly...

Thank you!! :)

回答1:

Old-style classes do that. Derive your classes from object in their definitions.

回答2:

you should really use isinstance:

In [26]: def foo(param):
   ....:     print type(param)
   ....:     print isinstance(param, Class1)
   ....:

In [27]: foo(x)
<type 'instance'>
True

Type is better for built-in types.

回答3:

The fact that type(x) returns the same type object for all instances x of legacy, aka old-style, classes, is one of many infuriating defects of those kinds of classes -- unfortunately they have to stay (and be the default for a class without base) in Python 2.* for reasons of backwards compatibility.

Nevertheless, don't use old-style classes unless you're forced to maintain a bunch of old, legacy code (without a good test suite to give you the confidence to try and switch kind o classes). When a class has no "natural" bases, subclass it from object rather than from nothing. Alternatively, your module, at the top, can set

__metaclass__ = type

which changes the default from the crufty, legacy old-style classes, to the shiny bright new-style ones -- while explicitly inheriting from object is usually preferred ("explicit is better than implicit"), the module-global setting of __metaclass__ may feel "less invasive" to existing old modules where you're switching from old to new classes, so it's offered as a possibility.