Django Model Field Default Based Off Another Field

问题:

I have a model that I would like to contain a subjects name and their initials. (The data is somewhat anonymized and tracked by initials.)

Right now, I wrote

class Subject(models.Model):

    name = models.CharField("Name", max_length=30)
    def subject_initials(self):
        return ''.join(map(lambda x: '' if len(x)==0 else x[0],
                           self.name.split(' ')))
    # Next line is what I want to do (or something equivalent), but doesn't work with
    # NameError: name 'self' is not defined
    subject_init = models.CharField("Subject Initials", max_length=5, default=self.subject_initials)

As indicated by the last line, I would prefer to be able to have the initials actually get stored in the database as a field (independent of name), but that is initialized with a default value based on the name field. However, I am having issues as django models don't seem to have a 'self'.

If I change the line to subject_init = models.CharField("Subject initials", max_length=2, default=subject_initials), I can do the syncdb, but can't create new subjects.

Is this possible in django, having a callable function give a default to some field based on the value of another field?

(For the curious, the reason I want to separate my store initials separately is in rare cases where weird last names may have different than the ones I am tracking. E.g., someone else decided that Subject 1 Named "John O'Mallory" initials are "JM" rather than "JO" and wants to fix edit it as an administrator.)

回答1:

Models certainly do have a "self"! It's just that you're trying to define an attribute of a model class as being dependent upon a model instance; that's not possible, as the instance does not (and cannot) exist before your define the class and its attributes.

To get the effect you want, override the save() method of the model class. Make any changes you want to the instance necessary, then call the superclass's method to do the actual saving. Here's a quick example.

def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
    if not self.subject_init:
        self.subject_init = self.subject_initials()
    super(Subject, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

This is covered in Overriding Model Methods in the documentation.

回答2:

I don't know if there is a better way of doing this, but you can use a signal handler for the pre_save signal:

from django.db.models.signals import pre_save

def default_subject(sender, instance, using):
    if not instance.subject_init:
        instance.subject_init = instance.subject_initials()

pre_save.connect(default_subject, sender=Subject)

回答3:

Using Django signals, this can be done quite early, by receiving the post_init signal from the model.

from django.db import models
import django.dispatch

class LoremIpsum(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(
        "Name",
        max_length=30,
    )
    subject_initials = models.CharField(
        "Subject Initials",
        max_length=5,
    )

@django.dispatch.receiver(models.signals.post_init, sender=LoremIpsum)
def set_default_loremipsum_initials(sender, instance, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Set the default value for `subject_initials` on the `instance`.

    :param sender: The `LoremIpsum` class that sent the signal.
    :param instance: The `LoremIpsum` instance that is being
        initialised.
    :return: None.
    """
    if not instance.subject_initials:
        instance.subject_initials = "".join(map(
                (lambda x: x[0] if x else ""),
                instance.name.split(" ")))

The post_init signal is sent by the class once it has done initialisation on the instance. This way, the instance gets a value for name before testing whether its non-nullable fields are set.

回答4:

As an alternative implementation of Gabi Purcaru's answer, you can also connect to the pre_save signal using the receiver decorator:

from django.db.models.signals import pre_save
from django.dispatch import receiver


@receiver(pre_save, sender=Subject)
def default_subject(sender, instance, **kwargs):
    if not instance.subject_init:
        instance.subject_init = instance.subject_initials()

This receiver function also takes the **kwargs wildcard keyword arguments which all signal handlers must take according to https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/signals/#receiver-functions.