Strange behavior when casting an int to float in C

问题:

I have a doubt concerning the output of the following C program. I tried to compile it using both Visual C++ 6.0 and MinGW32 (gcc 3.4.2).

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 2147483647;
    printf("%f\n", (float)2147483647);
    printf("%f\n", (float)x);
    return 0;
}

The output is:

2147483648.000000
2147483647.000000

My question is: why are both lines different? When you convert the integer value 2147483647 to the IEEE 754 floating-point format, it gets approximated to 2147483648.0. So, I expected that both lines would be equal to 2147483648.000000.

EDIT: The value "2147483647.000000" can't be a single-precision floating-point value, since the number 2147483647 can't be represented exactly in the IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format without loss of precision.

回答1:

In both cases, code seeks to convert from some integer type to float and then to double.. The double conversion occurs as it is a float value passed to a variadic function.

Check your setting of FLT_EVAL_METHOD, suspect it has a value of 1 or 2 (OP reports 2 with at least one compiler). This allows the compiler to evaluate float "... operations and constants to the range and precision" greater than float.

Your compiler optimized (float)x going directly int to double arithmetic. This is a performance improvement during run-time.

(float)2147483647 is a compile time cast and the compiler optimized for int to float to double accuracy as performance is not an issue here.

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[Edit2] It is interesting that the C11 spec is more specific than the C99 spec with the addition of "Except for assignment and cast ...". This implies that C99 compilers were sometimes allowing the int to double direct conversion, without first going through float and that C11 was amended to clearly not allow skipping a cast.

With C11 formally excluding this behavior, modern compliers should not do this, but older ones, like OP's might - thus a bug by C11 standards. Unless some other C99 or C89 specification is found to say other-wise, this appears to be allowable compiler behavior.

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[Edit] Taking comments together by @Keith Thompson, @tmyklebu, @Matt McNabb, the compiler, even with a non-zero FLT_EVAL_METHOD, should be expected to produce 2147483648.0.... Thus either a compiler optimization flag is explicitly over-riding correct behavior or the compiler has a corner bug.

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C99dr §5.2.4.2.2 8 The values of operations with floating operands and values subject to the usual arithmetic conversions and of floating constants are evaluated to a format whose range and precision may be greater than required by the type. The use of evaluation formats is characterized by the implementation-defined value of FLT_EVAL_METHOD:

-1 indeterminable;

0 evaluate all operations and constants just to the range and precision of the type;

1 evaluate operations and constants of type float and double to the range and precision of the double type, evaluate long double operations and constants to the range and precision of the long double type`;

2 evaluate all operations and constants to the range and precision of the long double type.

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C11dr §5.2.4.2.2 9 Except for assignment and cast (which remove all extra range and precision), the values yielded by operators with floating operands and values subject to the usual arithmetic conversions and of floating constants are evaluated to a format whose range and precision may be greater than required by the type. The use of evaluation formats is characterized by the implementation-defined value of FLT_EVAL_METHOD

-1 (Same as C99)

0 (Same as C99)

1 (Same as C99)

2 (Same as C99)

回答2:

This is certainly a compiler bug. From the C11 standard we have the following guarantees (C99 was similar):

• Types have a set of representable values (implied)
• All values representable by float are also representable by double (6.2.5/10)
• Converting float to double does not change the value (6.3.1.5/1)
• Casting int to float, when the int value is in the set of representable values for float, gives that value.
• Casting int to float, when the magnitude of the int value is less than FLT_MAX and the int is not a representable value for float, causes either the next-highest or next-lowest float value to be selected, and which one is selected is implementation-defined. (6.3.1.4/2)

The third of these points guarantees that the float value supplied to printf is not modified by the default argument promotions.

If 2147483647 is representable in float, then (float)x and (float)2147483647 must give 2147483647.000000.

If 2147483647 is not representable in float, then (float)x and (float)2147483647 must either give the next-highest or next-lowest float. They don't both have to make the same selection. But this means that a printout of 2147483647.000000 is not permitted¹, each must either be the higher value or the lower value.

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¹ Well - it's theoretically possible that the next-lowest float was 2147483646.9999999... so when the value is displayed with 6-digit precision by printf then it is rounded to give what was seen. But this isn't true in IEEE754 and you could easily experiment to discount this possibility.

回答3:

On the first printf, the conversion from integer to float is done by the compiler. On the second one, it is done by the C runtime library. There is no particular reason why they should produce answers identical at the limits of their precision.

回答4:

Visual C++ 6.0 was released last century, and I believe it predates standard C++. It is wholly unsurprising that VC++ 6.0 exhibits broken behaviour.

You'll also note that gcc-3.4.2 is from 2004. Indeed, you're using a 32-bit compiler. gcc on x86 plays rather fast and loose with floating-point math. This may technically be justified by the C standard if gcc sets FLT_EVAL_METHOD to something nonzero.

回答5:

some of you guys said that it's a optimization bug, but i am kind of disagree. i think it's a reasonable floating point precision error and a good example showing people how floating point works.

http://ideone.com/Ssw8GR

maybe OP could try to paste my program into your computer and try to compile with your compiler and see what happens. or try:

http://ideone.com/OGypBC

(with explicit float conversion).

anyway, if we calculate the error, it's 4.656612875245797e-10 that much, and should be considered as pretty precise.

it could relate to the preference of printf too.