Remove all files except some from a directory

问题:

When using sudo rm -r, how can I delete all files, with the exception of the following:

textfile.txt
backup.tar.gz
script.php
database.sql
info.txt

回答1:

find [path] -type f -not -name 'textfile.txt' -not -name 'backup.tar.gz' -delete

If you don't specify -type f find will also list directories, which you may not want.

---

Or a more general solution using the very useful combination find | xargs:

find [path] -type f -not -name 'EXPR' -print0 | xargs -0 rm --

for example, delete all non txt-files in the current directory:

find . -type f -not -name '*txt' -print0 | xargs -0 rm --

The print0 and -0 combination is needed if there are spaces in any of the filenames that should be deleted.

回答2:

rm !(textfile.txt|backup.tar.gz|script.php|database.sql|info.txt)

The extglob (Extended Pattern Matching) needs to be enabled in BASH (if it's not enabled):

shopt -s extglob

回答3:

find . | grep -v "excluded files criteria" | xargs rm

This will list all files in current directory, then list all those that don't match your criteria (beware of it matching directory names) and then remove them.

Update: based on your edit, if you really want to delete everything from current directory except files you listed, this can be used:

mkdir /tmp_backup && mv textfile.txt backup.tar.gz script.php database.sql info.txt /tmp_backup/ && rm -r && mv /tmp_backup/* . && rmdir /tmp_backup

It will create a backup directory /tmp_backup (you've got root privileges, right?), move files you listed to that directory, delete recursively everything in current directory (you know that you're in the right directory, do you?), move back to current directory everything from /tmp_backup and finally, delete /tmp_backup.

I choose the backup directory to be in root, because if you're trying to delete everything recursively from root, your system will have big problems.

Surely there are more elegant ways to do this, but this one is pretty straightforward.

回答4:

You can use GLOBIGNORE environment variable in Bash.

Suppose you want to delete all files except php and sql, then you can do the following -

export GLOBIGNORE=*.php:*.sql
rm *
export GLOBIGNORE=

Setting GLOBIGNORE like this ignores php and sql from wildcards used like "ls *" or "rm *". So, using "rm *" after setting the variable will delete only txt and tar.gz file.

回答5:

Assuming that files with those names exist in multiple places in the directory tree and you want to preserve all of them:

find . -type f ! -regex ".*/\(textfile.txt\|backup.tar.gz\|script.php\|database.sql\|info.txt\)" -delete

回答6:

I prefer to use sub query list:

rm -r `ls | grep -v "textfile.txt\|backup.tar.gz\|script.php\|database.sql\|info.txt"`

-v, --invert-match select non-matching lines

\| Separator

回答7:

Since nobody mentioned it:

• copy the files you don't want to delete in a safe place
• delete all the files
• move the copied files back in place

回答8:

A little late for the OP, but hopefully useful for anyone who gets here much later by google...

I found the answer by @awi and comment on -delete by @Jamie Bullock really useful. A simple utility so you can do this in different directories ignoring different file names/types each time with minimal typing:

rm_except (or whatever you want to name it)

#!/bin/bash

ignore=""

for fignore in "$@"; do
  ignore=${ignore}"-not -name ${fignore} "
done

find . -type f $ignore -delete

e.g. to delete everything except for text files and foo.bar:

rm_except *.txt foo.bar 

Similar to @mishunika, but without the if clause.

回答9:

You can write a for loop for this... %)

for x in *
do
        if [ "$x" != "exclude_criteria" ]
        then
                rm -f $x;
        fi
done;

回答10:

Trying it worked with:

rm -r !(Applications|"Virtualbox VMs"|Downloads|Documents|Desktop|Public)

but names with spaces are (as always) tough. Tried also with Virtualbox\ VMs instead the quotes. It deletes always that directory (Virtualbox VMs).

回答11:

If you're using zsh which I highly recommend.

rm -rf ^file/folder pattern to avoid

With extended_glob

setopt extended_glob
rm -- ^*.txt
rm -- ^*.(sql|txt)

回答12:

Just:

rm $(ls -I "*.txt" ) #Deletes file type except *.txt

Or:

rm $(ls -I "*.txt" -I "*.pdf" ) #Deletes file types except *.txt & *.pdf

回答13:

This is similar to the comment from @siwei-shen but you need the -o flag to do multiple patterns. The -o flag stands for 'or'

find . -type f -not -name '*ignore1' -o -not -name '*ignore2' | xargs rm

回答14:

Make the files immutable. Not even root will be allowed to delete them.

chattr +i textfile.txt backup.tar.gz script.php database.sql info.txt
rm *

All other files have been deleted.
Eventually you can reset them mutable.

chattr -i *

回答15:

Since no one yet mentioned this, in one particular case:

OLD_FILES=`echo *`
... create new files ...
rm -r $OLD_FILES

(or just rm $OLD_FILES)

or

OLD_FILES=`ls *`
... create new files ...
rm -r $OLD_FILES

You may need to use shopt -s nullglob if some files may be either there or not there:

SET_OLD_NULLGLOB=`shopt -p nullglob`
shopt -s nullglob
FILES=`echo *.sh *.bash`
$SET_OLD_NULLGLOB

without nullglob, echo *.sh *.bash may give you "a.sh b.sh *.bash".

(Having said all that, I myself prefer this answer, even though it does not work in OSX)

回答16:

You can do this with two command sequences. First define an array with the name of the files you do not want to exclude:

files=( backup.tar.gz script.php database.sql info.txt )

After that, loop through all files in the directory you want to exclude, checking if the filename is in the array you don't want to exclude; if its not then delete the file.

for file in *; do
  if [[ ! " ${files[@]} " ~= "$file"  ]];then
    rm "$file"
  fi
done

回答17:

Remove everything exclude file.name:

ls -d /path/to/your/files/* |grep -v file.name|xargs rm -rf

回答18:

Rather than going for a direct command, please move required files to temp dir outside current dir. Then delete all files using rm * or rm -r *.

Then move required files to current dir.