Unix paths: officially work in Python for any plat

问题:

Can all paths in a Python program use ".." (for the parent directory) and / (for separating path components), and still work whatever the platform?

On one hand, I have never seen such a claim in the documentation (I may have missed it), and the os and os.path modules do provide facilities for handling paths in a platform agnostic way (os.pardir, os.path.join,…), which lets me think that they are here for a reason.

On the other hand, you can read on StackOverflow that "../path/to/file" works on all platforms…

So, should os.pardir, os.path.join and friends always be used, for portability purposes, or are Unix path names always safe (up to possible character encoding issues)? or maybe "almost always" safe (i.e. working under Windows, OS X, and Linux)?

回答1:

"Almost always safe" is right. All of the platforms you care about probably work ok today and I don't think they will be changing their conventions any time soon.

However Python is very portable and runs on a lot more than the usual platforms. The reason for the os module is to help smooth things over it a platform does have different requirements.

Is there a good reason for you to not use the os functions?

os.pardir is self documenting whereas ".." isn't, and os.pardir might be easier to grep for

Here is some docs from python 1.6 when Mac was still different for everything

OS routines for Mac, DOS, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.

This exports: - all functions from posix, nt, dos, os2, mac, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc. - os.path is one of the modules posixpath, ntpath, macpath, or dospath - os.name is 'posix', 'nt', 'dos', 'os2', 'mac', or 'ce' - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':') - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::') - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\') - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/') - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc - os.linesep is the line separator in text files (' ' or ' ' or ' ') - os.defpath is the default search path for executables

Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being portable between different platforms. Of course, they must then only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path (e.g., split and join).

回答2:

I've never had any problems with using .., although it might be a good idea to convert it to an absolute path using os.path.abspath. Secondly, I would recommend always using os.path.join whereever possible. There are a lot of corner cases (aside from portability issues) in joining paths, and it's good not to have to worry about them. For instance:

>>> '/foo/bar/' + 'qux'
'/foo/bar/qux'
>>> '/foo/bar' + 'qux'
'/foo/barqux'
>>> from os.path import join
>>> join('/foo/bar/', 'qux')
'/foo/bar/qux'
>>> join('/foo/bar', 'qux')
'/foo/bar/qux'

You may run into problems with using .. if you're on some obscure platforms, but I can't name any (Windows, *nix, and OS X all support that notation).

回答3:

Within python, using / will always work. You will need to be aware of the OS convention if you want to execute a command in a subshell

myprog = "/path/to/my/program"
os.system([myprog, "-n"])                           # 1
os.system([myprog, "C:/input/file/to/myprog"])      # 2

Command #1 will probably work as expected.
Command #2 might not work if myprog is a Windows command and expects to parse its command line arguments to get a Windows file name.

回答4:

It works on Windows, so if you define "whatever the platform" to be Unix and Windows, you're fine.

On the other hand, Python also runs on VMS, RISC OS, and other odd platforms that use completely different filename conventions. However, it's probable that trying to get your application to run on VMS, blind, is kind of silly anyway - "premature portability is the root of some relatively minor evil"

I like using the os.path functions anyway because they are good for expressing intent - instead of just a string concatenation, which might be done for any of a million purposes, it reads very explicitly as a path manipulation.

回答5:

Windows supports / as a path separator. The only incompatibilities between Unix filenames and Windows filenames are:

• the allowed characters in filenames
• the special names and
• case sensitivity

Windows is more restrictive in the first two accounts (this is, it has more forbidden characters and more special names), while Unix is typically case sensitive. There are some answers here listing exactly what are these characters and names. I'll see if I can find them.

Now, if your development environment comes with a function to create or manipulate paths, you should use it, it's there for a reason, y'know. Especially given that there are a lot more platforms than Windows and Unix.

Answering your first question, yes ../dir/file will work, unless they hit some of the above mentioned incompatibilities.

回答6:

OS/X and Linux are both Unix compatible, so by definition they use the format you gave at the beginning of the question. Windows allows "/" in addition to "\" so that programs could be interchangeable with Xenix, a Unix variant that Microsoft was trying out a long time ago, and that compatibility has been carried forward to the present. Thus it works too.

I don't know how many other platforms Python has been ported to, and I can't speak for them.

回答7:

As others have said, a forward slash will work in all cases, but you're better off creating a list of path segments and os.path.join()-ing them.