What order do I include header files in?

问题:

I'm new to programming and the topic of header files is sort of bogging me down after I started using a lot of them. In addition to that I'm trying to use precompiled headers. I'm also using the SFML library so I have those headers that also have to be included.

Right now I have stdafx.h, main.cpp, then classes A, B, C, and D contained within A.h, A.cpp, B.h, B.cpp, C.h, C.cpp, D.h, and D.cpp.

What order would I go about including the headers in all files if

• all classes contain an instance of an SFML class
• class D contains an instance of class A and class C
• class C contains an instance of class B My code: (note: all headers have header guards)

stdafx.h:

#include <SFML/Graphics.hpp>
#include <iostream>

A.h

#include "stdafx.h"
class A
{
    //sfml class
};

A.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "A.h"

B.h

#include "stdafx.h"
class B
{
    //sfml class
};

B.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "B.h"

C.h

#include "B.h"
class C: public B
{

};

C.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "C.h"

D.h

#include "A.h"
#include "C.h"
class D
{
    A a;
    C C; // if left uncommented I recieve a '1 unresolved externals' error
    //sfml class
}

D.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "D.h"

main.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "D.h"

回答1:

My philosophy is that in well-written code, header files should include all other header files that they depend on. My reasoning is that it should not be possible to include a header file and get a compiler error for doing so. Therefore, each header file should (after the #ifdef or #pragma once include guard) include all other headers it depends on.

In order to informally test that you've remembered to include the right headers in your header files, *.cpp files should #include the minimum set of header files that should work. Therefore, if there are separate header files for A, B, C and D, and your cpp file uses class D, then it should only include D.h. No compiler errors should result, because D.h #includes A.h and C.h, C.h includes B.h, and A.h and B.h include the SFML header (whatever that is). C.h and D.h can include the SFML header if it seems appropriate, but it's not really necessary, if you can be sure that the dependencies (B.h and A.h) already included it.

The way Visual C++ does "precompiled headers" screws up this logic, however. It requires you to include "StdAfx.h" as the very first header file, which causes many developers to simply put all #includes for the entire project in StdAfx.h, and not to use #include in any of the other header files. I don't recommend this. Or, they will put all external dependencies in StdAfx.h (e.g. windows.h, boost headers) and #include the local dependencies elsewhere so that changing a single header file does not necessarily cause the entire project to rebuild.

The way I write my code, most of my CPP files include StdAfx.h, and the corresponding .H file. So A.cpp includes StdAfx.h and A.h, B.cpp includes StdAfx.h and B.h, and so forth. The only other #includes placed in a cpp file are "internal" dependencies that are not exposed by the header file. For example, if class A calls printf(), then A.cpp (not A.h) would #include <stdio.h>, because A.h does not depend on stdio.h.

If you follow these rules then the order that you #include headers does not matter (unless you use precompiled headers: then the precompiled header comes first in each cpp file, but does not need to be included from header files).

回答2:

Take a look at a similar question to learn a good approach to authoring headers.

In short, you want to define each header inside a definition guard that prevents headers from being included more then once during compilation. With those in place, for each .h and .cpp file, just include the headers needed to resolve any declarations. The pre-processor and compiler will take care of the rest.

回答3:

A.h should include SFML

A.cpp should include A.h

D.h should include SFML, A.h and C.h

D.cpp should include D.h

main.cpp should include whichever of A, B, C, D and SFML that it uses directly.

Generally in a .cpp file I don't include any headers that you know must be included by its corresponding .h because they contain the definitions of data members of classes defined in that .h. Hence, in my code D.cpp would not include A.h. That's just me, though, you might prefer to include it anyway just to remind you that the .cpp file (presumably) uses it.

This leaves stdafx - where you need this depends what uses the things in it. Probably it's needed everywhere, and MSVC doesn't process (or processes but discards?) anything before #include "stdafx.h" in a source file, so it should be the first thing in each .cpp file and appear nowhere else.

All header files should have multiple-include guards.

You could add SFML (or anything else you feel like) to stdafx.h, in which case you might as well remove those includes from everywhere else.

Once you've done this, it no longer matters what order you include the headers in each file. So you can do what you like, but I recommend Google's C++ style guide on the subject (click on the arrow thing), adjusted to account for stdafx.h.

回答4:

C inherits class B. So, it should see the identifier B. So, include B.h here -

#include "B.h"    // Newly added
// Or you can forward declare class B ; 
class C: public B
{

};

D has objects of class A, B. So, include headers of A, B in the "D.h" itself.

class D
{
    A a;  // Should see the definition of class A
    C c;  // Should see the definition of class B
    //sfml class
}

D.cpp

#include "A.h"
#include "C.h"
#include "D.h"  // Notice that A.h and C.h should definitely placed before

Note that every header needs to be included in it's corresponding source file. Think of each source file independently and see whether what ever is used is earlier defined or not in the source file.

回答5:

Depends on dependencies. Unlike C# and other similar languages, C++ does things in the order it is written, so there may be an issue. If you do have a problem with the order then it will not compile.