Multiple Foreign Keys for a Single Record in Rails

问题:

I am working on an app that will manage students enrolled in a course. The app will have users who can log in and manipulate students. Users can also comment on students. So three of our main classes are Student, User, and Comment. The problem is that I need to associate individual comments with both of the other models: User and Student. So I've started with some basic code like this...

class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :comments
end

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :comments
end

class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :student
  belongs_to :user
  attr_accessible :comment
end

So in the comments table, a single record would have the following fields:

id
comment
student_id
user_id
created_at
updated_at

This presents several problems. First, the nice Rails syntax for creating associated objects breaks down. If I want to make a new comment, I have to choose between the foreign keys. So...

User.comments.create(attributes={})

OR

Student.comments.create(attributes={})

Another option is to arbitrarily pick one of the foreign keys, and manually add it to the attrs hash. So...

User.comments.create(:comment => "Lorem ipsum", :student_id => 1)

The problem with this option is that I have to list student_id under attr_accessible in my Comment model. But my understanding is that this poses a security risk since someone could technically come along and reassociate the comment with a different student using mass assignment.

This leads to a further question about data modeling in general using Rails. The app I'm currently building in Rails is one that I originally wrote in PHP/MySQL a few years ago. When I first studied SQL, great importance was placed on the idea of normalization. So, for example, if you have a contacts table which stores names and addresses, you would use a lot of foreign key relationships to avoid repeating data. If you have a state column, you wouldn't want to list the states directly. Otherwise you could potentially have thousands of rows that all contain string values like "Texas." Much better to have a separate states table and associate it with your contacts table using foreign key relationships. My understanding of good SQL theory was that any values which could be repeating should be separated into their own tables. Of course, in order to fully normalize the database, you would likely end up with quite a few foreign keys in the contacts table. (state_id, gender_id, etc.)

So how does one go about this in "the Rails way"?

For clarification (sorry, I know this is getting long) I have considered two other common approaches: "has_many :through =>" and polymorphic associations. As best I can tell, neither solves the above stated problem. Here's why:

"has_many :through =>" works fine in a case like a blog. So we have Comment, Article, and User models. Users have many Comments through Articles. (Such an example appears in Beginning Rails 3 from Apress. Great book, by the way.) The problem is that for this to work (if I'm not mistaken) each article has to belong to a specific user. In my case (where my Student model is here analogous to Article) no single user owns a student. So I can't say that a User has many comments through Students. There could be multiple users commenting on the same student.

Lastly, we have polymorphic associations. This works great for multiple foreign keys assuming that no one record needs to belong to more than one foreign class. In RailsCasts episode #154, Ryan Bates gives an example where comments could belong to articles OR photos OR events. But what if a single comment needs to belong more than one?

So in summary, I can make my User, Student, Comment scenario work by manually assigning one or both foreign keys, but this does not solve the issue of attr_accessible.

Thanks in advance for any advice!

回答1:

I had your EXACT question when I started with rails. How to set two associations neatly in the create method while ensuring the association_ids are protected.

Wukerplank is right - you can't set the second association through mass assignment, but you can still assign the association_id directly in a new line.

This type of association assignment is very common and is littered throughout my code, since there are many situations where one object has more than one association.

Also, to be clear: Polymorphic associations and has_many :through will not solve your situation at all. You have two separate associations (the 'owner' of a comment and the 'subject' of a comment) - they can't be rationalised into one.

EDIT: Here's how you should do it:

@student = Student.find_by_id(params[:id])
@comment = @student.comments.build(params[:comment]) #First association is set here
@comment.user = current_user #Second association is set here
if @comment.save
  # ...
else
  # ...
end

By using the Object.associations.build, Rails automatically creates a new 'association' object and associates it with Object when you save it.

回答2:

I think polymorphic association is the way to go. I'd recommend using a plugin instead of "rolling your own". I had great results with ActsAsCommentable (on Github).

As for your attr_accessible problem: You are right, it's more secure to do this. But it doesn't inhibit what you are trying to do.

I assume that you have something that holds the current user, in my example current_user

@student = Student.find(params[:id])
@comment = Comment.new(params[:comment]) # <= mass assignment
@comment.student = @student              # <= no mass assignment
@comment.user    = current_user          # <= no mass assignment
if @comment.save
  # ...
else
  # ...
end

The attr_accessible protects you from somebody sneaking a params[:comment][:student_id] in, but it won't prevent the attribute from being set another way.

You still can get all comments of your users through the has_many :comments association, but you can also display who commented on a student thanks to the belongs_to :user association:

<h1><%= @student.name %></h1>

<h2>Comments</h2>

<%- @student.comments.each do |comment| -%>
    <p><%= comment.text %><br />
    by <%= comment.user.name %></p>
<%- end -%>

PLUS:

Don't over engineer your app. Having a state:string field is perfectly fine unless you want to do something meaningful with a State object, like storing all districts and counties. But if all you need to know a students state, a text field is perfectly fine. This is also true for gender and such.

回答3:

Well, for the first part. If I understood your question correctly, I think, that since comments are listed within students controller, you should associate them through Student model (it just seems logical to me). However, to protect it from assigning wrong user id, you could do something like this

@student = Student.find params[:id]
@student.comments.create :user => current_user

current_user might be a helper that does User.find session[:user_id] or something like that.

has_many :through association doesn't make sense here. You could use it to associate User and Student through Comment, but not User and Comment through Student

Hope that helps.