Does anyone have links to current and historical papers and authoritative links (statistics and blog posts) regarding response-time for user interfaces?
Naturally the authoritative link is Human factors design criteria in man-computer interaction
Some key quotes include:
[Regarding] response to request for
next page. […] Delays of longer than 1
second will seem intrusive on the
continuity of thought.
And
Assume an inquiry of any kind has been
made. The user – and his attention –
is captive to the terminal until he
receives a response. If he is a busy
man, captivity of more than 15
seconds, even for information
essential to him, may be more than an
annoyance and disruption. It can
readily become a demoralizer – that is
a, reducer of work pace and of
motivation to work.
These quotes are 40 years old, yet so relevant today.
There is also Jacob Nielsen's authoritative excerpt.
I would like to collect all the links to this kind of research under this community wiki.
Next time you are told to ignore response times by your manager or build a feature that will slow down your application you can simply send them a link to this page.
I think the simplest answer was in an article by Jakob Nielsen where he defined the 10/1/.1 second rule in Response Times: The Three Important Limits. That article is based on a section from his book Usability Engineering. He's presenting further research and applicability to the web in several 2009 sessions, all linked to from 1.
Jared Spool shares some results of research conducted at UIE about the importance of performing a goal rather than download time.
Since we conducted the original
research five years ago, we’ve
repeatedly discovered users are more
interested in achieving their goals
than having speedy page loads. Since
goals are often complex and require
the users to be thoughtful, the best
designed sites seem to get away with
slower-than-average pages.
The original research from 2001 he references is The Truth About Download Time by Christine Perfetti and Lori Landesman.
I just came across:
System Response Time and User Satisfaction: An Experimental Study of Browser-based Application (watch out its a PDF) by John A. Hoxmeier, Ph.D.
The summary of the findings are:
- H1 satisfaction decreases as response time increases [supported]
- H2 Dissatisfaction leads to discontinued use [supported]
- H3 ease of use decreases as satisfaction decreases [supported]
- H4 experienced users more tolerant of slower response times [not supported]
Saving Lives
I read this little article
To quote Steve Jobs:
"Well, let's say you can shave 10
seconds off of the boot time. Multiply
that by five million users and thats
50 million seconds, every single day.
Over a year, that's probably dozens of
lifetimes. So if you make it boot ten
seconds faster, you've saved a dozen
lives. That's really worth it, don't
you think?"
I think the same argument can be made for response-time on high volume sites.
Similar to the link lavinio posted, Jakob Nielsen's recent article outlines a 0.5/0.1/0.5 second rule for hover times of dropdown menus.
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/mega-dropdown-menus.html
I came across these recently pertaining to website speed:
Men Need Speed
http://www.websiteoptimization.com/speed/tweak/usability-criteria/
Study: Web Users Prefer Speed Over Customization
http://www.websiteoptimization.com/speed/tweak/design-factors/