借助iPad软件学习两个小时的课程。
埃塞航坠机事件已过去一周,随着多个国家相继禁飞波音737MAX机型,对该机型的质疑也越来越多。
据BBC报道,埃塞俄比亚交通部长表示,航班数据显示此次坠机事故与去年10月的印尼狮航坠机事故有“明显的相似之处”。
图 via BBC
也就在刚刚,《华尔街日报》发布快讯,表示美国交通部已对波音737MAX客机如何通过安全审批展开调查。
图 via WSJ
The U.S. Department of Transportation is investigating the Federal Aviation Administration’s approval of Boeing Co.’s 737 MAX jetliners, according to people familiar with the probe, an unusual inquiry into potential lapses in federal safety approvals for new aircraft.
据知情人士透露,美国运输部正在启动一项非同寻常的调查,以查清联邦航空管理局在对波音737Max喷气式客机的安全审批过程中是否有漏洞。
▲ FAA’s 737 MAX Approval Is Probed (via WSJ)
而主页君在读过《纽约时报》16号的一篇文章后,更是觉得匪夷所思。
图 via WSJ
文章说,在接连两架飞机坠毁后,除了对飞机本身技术性问题的质疑外,人们也想知道飞行员是如何接受该机型驾驶训练的。
然而,这一问题的答案却让人瞠目结舌:许多737MAX机型的飞行员都是通过iPad软件学习这个新机型的。
For many new airplane models, pilots train for hours on giant, multimillion-dollar machines, on-the-ground versions of cockpits that mimic the flying experience and teach them new features. But in the case of the Max, many pilots with 737 experience learned about the plane on an iPad.
要驾驶新机型,飞行员必须在价值数百万美元的巨型机器上训练数小时,在模拟驾驶舱里模拟飞行体验,并学习新功能。然而许多驾驶MAX机型的飞行员,因其有737机型的飞行经验,对于这个新机型的学习都是通过iPad软件进行的。
▲ After 2 Crashes of New Boeing Jet, Pilot Training Now a Focus (via NYT)
在这里有必要解释一下的是,波音737MAX是波音737装配新发动机的衍生机型,因此737MAX的驾驶员基本上都是驾驶过737的飞行员。
When Airbus announced in 2010 that it would introduce a new fuel-efficient and cost-effective plane, Boeing rushed to get out its own version. The strategy depended heavily on building a plane that worked essentially the same as the previous generation. Regulators agreed that it was a derivative model and that it didn’t require additional simulator training, a significant savings for airlines.
2010年空中客车宣布推出新机型,其燃油效率和成本效益均有很大提升。为与之抗衡,波音公司匆忙推出了自己的新机型。这一战略在很大程度上依赖于上一代飞机造出一个基本相同的机型。监管机构一致认为,这是一种衍生机型,因此不需要额外的模拟机培训,而且对航空公司来说也省了很大一笔钱。
▲ After 2 Crashes of New Boeing Jet, Pilot Training Now a Focus (via NYT)
但是衍生机型并不能合理解释,为什么飞行员可以不经模拟飞行训练就直接驾驶新机型,尤其是在明知这一架架飞机将肩负多少人命、多少幸福完整的家庭的情况下。
Jim Albaugh and Nicole Piasecki, Boeing executives at the time, talking to reporters in 2011 about plans for the Max. Today, there is only one simulator specifically designed for the Max in the United States.
时任波音公司高管的吉姆·阿尔堡和妮可·皮亚塞基在2011年接受记者采访时提到MAX系列机型。时至今日,专门为MAX设计的模拟机在全美只有一台。
“We would have liked to have had a simulator” from the start, said Jon Weaks, the president of the Southwest Airlines Pilots Association. “But it wasn’t practical, because it wasn’t built yet.”
西南航空飞行员协会会长乔恩·韦克斯表示,“我们从一开始就希望能有一个模拟机。”“但这一希望并不现实,因为它压根还没有建好。”
▲ After 2 Crashes of New Boeing Jet, Pilot Training Now a Focus (via NYT)
西南航空飞行员协会的培训负责人格雷格·鲍文(Greg Bowen)表示,航司的高层曾告诉他,设计模拟机软件所需的工程数据直到飞机快完工了才在最后时刻敲定。
“They were building the airplane and still designing it,” Mr. Bowen said. “The data to build a simulator didn’t become available until about when the plane was ready to fly.”
“他们一边设计一边建造着这个机型,”鲍恩说,“用于构建模拟机的数据直到飞机确定适飞后才可用。”
▲ After 2 Crashes of New Boeing Jet, Pilot Training Now a Focus (via NYT)
在美联航,飞行员们也经历着同样的事情。他们通过ipad软件学习了近两个小时波音提供的课程;连新机型都没见着没摸过的培训小组根据在模拟机中的驾驶经验整理了培训资料。这份资料里,对于新软件只字未提。
When United was set to take delivery of the 737 Max in 2017, a group of pilots put together training materials without ever flying the aircraft or a full simulator. James LaRosa, a 737 captain and union official who helped lead the training group, said he flew to a Boeing training center in Seattle to learn about the new plane on a mock cockpit that didn’t move like typical simulators.
2017年,当美联航空准备接收波音737Max时,一群从未驾驶过新机型或是完整模拟器的飞行员整理了培训材料。詹姆斯·拉罗萨是一位波音737机长,同时也身兼工会职位,负责了培训小组的工作。他说他飞到西雅图的一家波音培训中心,在模拟驾驶舱上了解了这架新飞机的情况,但是这个模拟驾驶舱运作起来并不像典型的模拟器。
In addition to a two-hour iPad training course from Boeing, he and colleagues used their experience in the cockpit to create a 13-page handbook on the differences between the Max and its predecessor, including changes to displays and the engines. The training materials did not mention the new software that later became a focus of the Lion Air crash investigation.
除了波音公司两小时的iPad培训课程外,他和同事还根据他们在(模拟)驾驶舱的经验,编写了一本13页的手册,介绍Max和上一代机型的不同之处,包括显示器和引擎的变化。然而培训材料中并没有提到新的软件(MCAS),也正是这个软件后来成为狮航坠机调查的重点。
▲ After 2 Crashes of New Boeing Jet, Pilot Training Now a Focus (via NYT)
图 via 网络
美国航空飞行员工会发言人、737飞行员丹尼斯·塔吉尔(Dennis Tajer)认为“模拟机是安全飞行的重要部分,尤其是当你发现飞机上的系统大不相同,会影响飞机性能时”。
然而波音却在声明中称“737MAX是严格按照联邦航空管理局(FAA)对于新机型及衍生机型的要求和流程进行认证的”。FAA也在一则声明中说“我们的认证程序很完善”。
随着坠机事件调查的展开,737MAX的飞行员们才恍然大悟,他们并没有被告知这款衍生的新机型居然还有新软件。感恩节一过,飞行员工会就与波音官员会面要求给个说法。
“The first thing we talked about was the break of trust,” said Mr. Tajer, the American pilot union spokesman. “We called it disrespectful.”
“我们讨论的第一件事就是信任被打破了,”美国飞行员工会发言人塔吉尔说。“我们认为这是不尊重人的行为。”
According to Mr. Tajer, Boeing officials told American’s pilots that they hadn’t mentioned the new software because they didn’t want to “inundate” them with information.
据塔吉尔说,波音官员告诉这些飞行员,之所以没有提到新的软件,是怕他们一下收到太多新信息“应接不暇”。
The union told Boeing that it was now demanding simulators for its pilots. “We don’t really care what the F.A.A. requires,” Mr. Tajer said, recalling the meeting.
塔吉尔回忆那次会议时说,工会要求波音公司立即为飞行员提供模拟机,然而得到的回应居然是“我们真没那么在乎FAA的要求”。
Boeing officials promised American and Southwest pilots a software fix within several weeks, but added that extra training was not necessary. Notifying the pilots of the nature of the software fix and how it would function would be enough.
波音公司官员向工会和西南航空公司的飞行员承诺,将在几周内修复软件,但他们补充说,没有必要进行额外的培训,将软件修复的特点和功能通知飞行员就足够了。
▲ After 2 Crashes of New Boeing Jet, Pilot Training Now a Focus (via NYT)
飞行员们就这样被说服了。塔吉尔说,他们以为,一旦知道了新软件是如何工作的,自己就拥有“关于这个系统的所有信息,以及在系统发生冲突时及时中断系统的能力”。
然而又一次坠机事故让他们知道当初的这个想法有多么荒谬。
图 via 网络
在埃塞航坠机数小时后,塔吉尔要求波音为飞行员提供模拟机,答复是:一台模拟机已经被预订了,飞行员要等到今年年底才能去训练。
要求配备模拟机的美联航也没有得到满意的答复,他们要等到2020年才能拿到一台,因为目前美国有且只有一台MAX机型的模拟机。
不提供模拟机,不主动告知新软件功能及信息......如果经调查表明的确是737MAX本身的设计缺陷导致了两场灾难的发生,不知道波音将如何面对公众?
对于波音的做法你有什么看法?欢迎留言讨论。
文:A君
资料、图:WSJ, NYT, BBC, 网络