When do you use “apply” and when “funcall”?

问题:

The Common Lisp HyperSpec says in the funcall entry that

(funcall function arg1 arg2 ...) 
==  (apply function arg1 arg2 ... nil) 
==  (apply function (list arg1 arg2 ...))

Since they are somehow equivalent, when would you use apply, and when funcall?

回答1:

You should use funcall if you have one or more separate arguments and apply if you have your arguments in a list

(defun passargs (&rest args) (apply #'myfun args))

or

(defun passargs (a b) (funcall #'myfun a b))

回答2:

apply is useful when the argument list is known only at runtime, especially when the arguments are read dynamically as a list. You can still use funcall here but you have to unpack the individual arguments from the list, which is inconvenient. You can also use apply like funcall by passing in the individual arguments. The only thing it requires is that the last argument must be a list:

> (funcall #'+ 1 2)
3
> (apply #'+ 1 2 ())
3

回答3:

Well I think a good rule of thumb would be: use apply when you can't use funcall: the latter is clearer but is also less general than apply in that it doesn't allow you to call a function whose number of arguments is only known at runtime.

Of course it is only good practice and you could systematically do this the ugly way (systematically using apply), but as you've probably noticed, using the ugly way when a very similar but cleaner way is available is not very common-lisp-y.

Example of function that needs apply instead of funcall: could you implement map in such a way that (map #'+ '(1 2) '(2 3)) and (map #'+ '(1 2) '(2 3) '(3 4)) both work (which is the case with the standard function) without using apply (or eval, which is cheating)?

EDIT: as has also been pointed out, it would be silly to write:(funcall func (first list) (second list) (third list) etc.) instead of (apply func list).