Clojure Protocols vs Scala Structural Types

问题:

After watching the interview with Rich Hickey on Protocols in Clojure 1.2, and knowing very little about Clojure, I have some questions on Clojure Protocols:

• Are they intended to do the same thing as Structural Types in Scala? What benefits do Protocols have over Structural Types (performance, flexibility, code clarity, etc.)? Are they implemented through reflections?
• Questions on interoperability with Scala: Can Protocols be used instead of Structural Types in Scala? Can they be extended (if 'extension' term can be applied to Protocols) in Scala?

回答1:

Totally unrelated.

Scala is a statically typed language. Clojure is a dynamically typed language. This difference shapes both of them fundamentally.

Structural types are static types, period. They're just a way to have the compiler prove statically that an object will have a particular structure (I say prove here, but casting can cause bogus proofs as always).

Protocols in Clojure are a way to create dynamic dispatch that is much faster than reflection or looking things up in a map. In a semantic sense they don't really extend the capabilities of Clojure, but operationally they are significantly faster than the mechanisms used before.

Scala traits are a bit closer to protocols, as are Java interfaces, but again there's a static vs dynamic issue. Scala traits must be associated with a class at compile time, similar to Java interfaces. Clojure protocols can be added to a datatype at runtime after the fact even by a third party.

Something like Clojure protocols is possible in Java and Scala through mechanisms like wrapper/proxy patterns or dynamic proxies ( http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/reflection/proxy.html ). But those will be a heck of a lot clumsier than Clojure protocols and getting object identity right is tricky as well.

回答2:

The purpose of Protocols in Clojure is to solve the Expression Problem in an efficient manner.

[See: Simple explanation of clojure protocols.]

Scala's solution to the Expression Problem are Implicits. So, semantically, that is the closest equivalent to Clojure Protocols in Scala. (In Haskell, it would be Typeclasses or maybe Type Families.)

回答3:

As I understood from this introductory blogpost, Closure Protocols are closer to Scala Traits, rather than Structural Types (and thus, cannot be used as a replacement for them, answering my second question):

/* ----------------------- */
/* --- Protocol definition */
/* ----------------------- */

(defprotocol Fly
  "A simple protocol for flying"
  (fly [this] "Method to fly"))

/* --- In Scala */    
trait Fly{
    def fly: String
}

/* --------------------------- */
/* --- Protocol implementation */
/* --------------------------- */

(defrecord Bird [nom species]
  Fly
  (fly [this] (str (:nom this) " flies..."))

/* --- In Scala */    
case class Bird(nom: String, species: String) extends Fly{
    def fly = "%s flies..." format(nom)
}

/* --------------------- */
/* --- Dynamic extension */
/* --------------------- */

(defprotocol Walk
  "A simple protocol to make birds walk"
  (walk [this] "Birds want to walk too!"))

(extend-type Bird
  Walk
  (walk [this] (str (:nom this) " walks too..."))

/* --- In Scala */    
trait Walk{
    def walk = "Birds want to walk too!"
}

implicit def WalkingBird(bird: Bird) = new Walk{
    override def walk = "%s walks too..." format(bird.nom)
}

/* --------------- */
/* --- Reification */
/* --------------- */

(def pig (reify
                Fly (fly [_] "Swine flu...")
                Walk (walk [_] "Pig-man walking...")))

/* --- In Scala */    
object pig extends Fly with Walk{
    def fly = "Swine flu..."
    override def walk = "Pig-man walking..."
}

回答4:

Other answers speak to the other parts of your question better, but:

Are they implemented through reflections?

No - protocols are compiled to JVM interfaces. Things which implement protocols (reify, defrecord, etc) are compiled to JVM classes which implement the protocol interface, so calls to protocol functions are the same as standard JVM method calls, under the hood.

That was actually one of the motivators for protocols - a lot of Clojure's internal data structures were written in Java, for speed reasons, because there was no way to do full-speed polymorphic dispatch in pure Clojure. Protocols provide that. Clojure still has a lot of Java in its source code, but that could all can now be rewritten in Clojure with no loss of performance.