Handling passwords used for auth in source code

Assuming that I\'m trying to pull from a RESTful api that uses basic authentication / basic certificates, what would be the best way to store that user name and password in my program? Right now it\'s just sitting there in plaintext.

UsernamePasswordCredentials creds = new UsernamePasswordCredentials(\"myName@myserver\",\"myPassword1234\");

Is there some way of doing this that is more security minded?

Thanks

回答1:

With an inner-to-outer mindset, here are some steps to protect your process:

First step, you should change your password-handling from String to character array.

The reason for this is that a String object\'s data will not be cleansed immediately even if the object is set to null; The data is set for garbage-collection instead, and this poses security problems because malicious programs might gain access to that String (password) data before it is cleaned.

This is the main reason why Swing\'s JPasswordField\'s getText() method is deprecated, and why getPassword() uses character arrays.

The second step is to encrypt your credentials, only decrypting them temporarily during the authentication process.

This, similarly to the first step, makes sure your vulnerability-time is as small as possible.

It is recommended that your credentials are not hard-coded, and that instead, you store them in a centralized, configurable and easily-maintainable manner, such as a configuration or properties file.

You should encrypt your credentials before saving the file, and additionally, you can apply a second encryption to the file itself (2-layer encryption to the credentials, and 1-layer to other file contents).

Note that each of the two encryption processes mentioned above can be multiple-layered themselves. Each encryption can be an individual application of Triple Data Encryption Standard (AKA TDES and 3DES), as a conceptual example.

After your local environment is properly protected (but remember, it\'s never ever \"safe\"!), the third step is apply basic protection to your transmission process, by using TLS (Transport Layer Security) or SSL (Secure Sockets Layer).

The forth step is to apply other protection methods.

For example, applying obfuscation techniques to your \"to-use\" compile, to avoid (even if shortly) the exposure of your security measures in case your program is obtained by Ms. Eve, Mr. Mallory, or someone else (the bad-guys) and decompiled.

UPDATE 1:

By @Damien.Bell \'s request, here is an example that covers the first and second steps:

    //These will be used as the source of the configuration file\'s stored attributes.
    private static final Map<String, String> COMMON_ATTRIBUTES = new HashMap<String, String>();
    private static final Map<String, char[]> SECURE_ATTRIBUTES = new HashMap<String, char[]>();
    //Ciphering (encryption and decryption) password/key.
    private static final char[] PASSWORD = \"Unauthorized_Personel_Is_Unauthorized\".toCharArray();
    //Cipher salt.
    private static final byte[] SALT = {
        (byte) 0xde, (byte) 0x33, (byte) 0x10, (byte) 0x12,
        (byte) 0xde, (byte) 0x33, (byte) 0x10, (byte) 0x12,};
    //Desktop dir:
    private static final File DESKTOP = new File(System.getProperty(\"user.home\") + \"/Desktop\");
    //File names:
    private static final String NO_ENCRYPTION = \"no_layers.txt\";
    private static final String SINGLE_LAYER = \"single_layer.txt\";
    private static final String DOUBLE_LAYER = \"double_layer.txt\";

    /**
     * @param args the command line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws GeneralSecurityException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
        //Set common attributes.
        COMMON_ATTRIBUTES.put(\"Gender\", \"Male\");
        COMMON_ATTRIBUTES.put(\"Age\", \"21\");
        COMMON_ATTRIBUTES.put(\"Name\", \"Hypot Hetical\");
        COMMON_ATTRIBUTES.put(\"Nickname\", \"HH\");

        /*
         * Set secure attributes.
         * NOTE: Ignore the use of Strings here, it\'s being used for convenience only.
         * In real implementations, JPasswordField.getPassword() would send the arrays directly.
         */
        SECURE_ATTRIBUTES.put(\"Username\", \"Hypothetical\".toCharArray());
        SECURE_ATTRIBUTES.put(\"Password\", \"LetMePass_Word\".toCharArray());

        /*
         * For demosntration purposes, I make the three encryption layer-levels I mention.
         * To leave no doubt the code works, I use real file IO.
         */
        //File without encryption.
        create_EncryptedFile(NO_ENCRYPTION, COMMON_ATTRIBUTES, SECURE_ATTRIBUTES, 0);
        //File with encryption to secure attributes only.
        create_EncryptedFile(SINGLE_LAYER, COMMON_ATTRIBUTES, SECURE_ATTRIBUTES, 1);
        //File completely encrypted, including re-encryption of secure attributes.
        create_EncryptedFile(DOUBLE_LAYER, COMMON_ATTRIBUTES, SECURE_ATTRIBUTES, 2);

        /*
         * Show contents of all three encryption levels, from file.
         */
        System.out.println(\"NO ENCRYPTION: \\n\" + readFile_NoDecryption(NO_ENCRYPTION) + \"\\n\\n\\n\");
        System.out.println(\"SINGLE LAYER ENCRYPTION: \\n\" + readFile_NoDecryption(SINGLE_LAYER) + \"\\n\\n\\n\");
        System.out.println(\"DOUBLE LAYER ENCRYPTION: \\n\" + readFile_NoDecryption(DOUBLE_LAYER) + \"\\n\\n\\n\");

        /*
         * Decryption is demonstrated with the Double-Layer encryption file.
         */
        //Descrypt first layer. (file content) (REMEMBER: Layers are in reverse order from writing).
        String decryptedContent = readFile_ApplyDecryption(DOUBLE_LAYER);
        System.out.println(\"READ: [first layer decrypted]\\n\" + decryptedContent + \"\\n\\n\\n\");
        //Decrypt second layer (secure data).
        for (String line : decryptedContent.split(\"\\n\")) {
            String[] pair = line.split(\": \", 2);
            if (pair[0].equalsIgnoreCase(\"Username\") || pair[0].equalsIgnoreCase(\"Password\")) {
                System.out.println(\"Decrypted: \" + pair[0] + \": \" + decrypt(pair[1]));
            }
        }
    }

    private static String encrypt(byte[] property) throws GeneralSecurityException {
        SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(\"PBEWithMD5AndDES\");
        SecretKey key = keyFactory.generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(PASSWORD));
        Cipher pbeCipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"PBEWithMD5AndDES\");
        pbeCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key, new PBEParameterSpec(SALT, 20));

        //Encrypt and save to temporary storage.
        String encrypted = Base64.encodeBytes(pbeCipher.doFinal(property));

        //Cleanup data-sources - Leave no traces behind.
        for (int i = 0; i < property.length; i++) {
            property[i] = 0;
        }
        property = null;
        System.gc();

        //Return encryption result.
        return encrypted;
    }

    private static String encrypt(char[] property) throws GeneralSecurityException {
        //Prepare and encrypt.
        byte[] bytes = new byte[property.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < property.length; i++) {
            bytes[i] = (byte) property[i];
        }
        String encrypted = encrypt(bytes);

        /*
         * Cleanup property here. (child data-source \'bytes\' is cleaned inside \'encrypt(byte[])\').
         * It\'s not being done because the sources are being used multiple times for the different layer samples.
         */
//      for (int i = 0; i < property.length; i++) { //cleanup allocated data.
//          property[i] = 0;
//      }
//      property = null; //de-allocate data (set for GC).
//      System.gc(); //Attempt triggering garbage-collection.

        return encrypted;
    }

    private static String encrypt(String property) throws GeneralSecurityException {
        String encrypted = encrypt(property.getBytes());
        /*
         * Strings can\'t really have their allocated data cleaned before CG,
         * that\'s why secure data should be handled with char[] or byte[].
         * Still, don\'t forget to set for GC, even for data of sesser importancy;
         * You are making everything safer still, and freeing up memory as bonus.
         */
        property = null;
        return encrypted;
    }

    private static String decrypt(String property) throws GeneralSecurityException, IOException {
        SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(\"PBEWithMD5AndDES\");
        SecretKey key = keyFactory.generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(PASSWORD));
        Cipher pbeCipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"PBEWithMD5AndDES\");
        pbeCipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key, new PBEParameterSpec(SALT, 20));
        return new String(pbeCipher.doFinal(Base64.decode(property)));
    }

    private static void create_EncryptedFile(
                    String fileName,
                    Map<String, String> commonAttributes,
                    Map<String, char[]> secureAttributes,
                    int layers)
                    throws GeneralSecurityException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (String k : commonAttributes.keySet()) {
            sb.append(k).append(\": \").append(commonAttributes.get(k)).append(System.lineSeparator());
        }
        //First encryption layer. Encrypts secure attribute values only.
        for (String k : secureAttributes.keySet()) {
            String encryptedValue;
            if (layers >= 1) {
                encryptedValue = encrypt(secureAttributes.get(k));
            } else {
                encryptedValue = new String(secureAttributes.get(k));
            }
            sb.append(k).append(\": \").append(encryptedValue).append(System.lineSeparator());
        }

        //Prepare file and file-writing process.
        File f = new File(DESKTOP, fileName);
        if (!f.getParentFile().exists()) {
            f.getParentFile().mkdirs();
        } else if (f.exists()) {
            f.delete();
        }
        BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(f));
        //Second encryption layer. Encrypts whole file content including previously encrypted stuff.
        if (layers >= 2) {
            bw.append(encrypt(sb.toString().trim()));
        } else {
            bw.append(sb.toString().trim());
        }
        bw.flush();
        bw.close();
    }

    private static String readFile_NoDecryption(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
        File f = new File(DESKTOP, fileName);
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(f));
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (br.ready()) {
            sb.append(br.readLine()).append(System.lineSeparator());
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private static String readFile_ApplyDecryption(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
        File f = new File(DESKTOP, fileName);
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(f));
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (br.ready()) {
            sb.append(br.readLine()).append(System.lineSeparator());
        }
        return decrypt(sb.toString());
    }

A full example, addressing every protection step, would far exceed what I think is reasonable for this question, since it\'s about \"what are the steps\", not \"how to apply them\".

It would far over-size my answer (at last the sampling), while other questions here on S.O. are already directed on the \"How to\" of those steps, being far more appropriate, and offering far better explanation and sampling on the implementation of each individual step.

回答2:

If you are using basic auth, you should couple that with SSL to avoid passing your credentials in base64 encoded plain text. You don\'t want to make it easy for someone sniffing your packets to get your credentials. Also, don\'t hard code your credentials in your source code. Make them configurable. read them from a config file. You should encrypt the credentials before storing them in a config file and your app should decrypt the credentials once it reads them from the config file.

回答3:

secure computer that initializes the request (your computer). if that machine is insecure, nothing will protect you. that\'s completely separate topic (up-to-date software, properly configured, strong passwords, encrypted swap, hardware sniffers, physical security etc)
secure your storage the medium you use for storing your credentials should be encrypted. decrypted credentials should be stored only in ram of your secured machine
people that maintain that hardware must be trusted (probably the weakest link)
they also should know as few as possible. that\'s a protection from rubber-hose cryptanalysis
your credentials should fulfil all the security recommendation (proper length, randomness, single purpose etc)
your connection to remote service must be secured (SSL etc)
your remote service must be trusted (see points 1-4). plus it should be hacking prone (if your data/service is insecure then securing your credentials is pointless). plus it should not store your credentials

plus probably thousand things i forgot about :)

回答4:

It\'s generally not good advice to encrypt credentials. Something that is encrypted can be decrypted. Common best practice is to store passwords as a salted hash.A hash cannot be decrypted. The salt is added to defeat brute force guessing with Rainbow Tables. As long as every userId has its own random salt, an attacker would have to generate a set of tables for every possible value of the salt, quickly making this attack impossible within the lifespan of the universe. This is the reason why websites generally can\'t send you your password if you have forgotten it, but they can only \'reset\' it. They don\'t have your password stored, only a hash of it.

Password hashing is not very difficult to implement yourself, but it\'s such a common problem to solve that countless others have done it for you. I\'ve found jBcrypt easy to use.

As an extra protection against brute force guessing of passwords, it is common best practice to force a userId or remote IP to wait a few seconds after a certain number of login attempts with the wrong password. Without this, a brute force attacker can guess as many passwords per second as your server can handle. There is a huge difference between being able to guess 100 passwords per 10 second period or a million.

I get the impression that you have included the username/password combination in your source code. This means that if you ever want to change the password, you\'ll have to recompile, stop and restart your service, and it also means that anyone who gets a hold of your source code, also has your passwords. Common best practice is never to do this, but to store the credentials (username, password hash, password salt) in your datastore

回答5:

If you cannot trust the environment your program is running in, but need to authenticate via plain passwords or certificates, there is nothing you can do to secure your credentials. The most you can do is obfuscate them with the methods described in the other answers.

As a workaround, I\'d run all requests to the RESTful api through a proxy that you can trust and do the cleartext password authentication from there.