Getting error: “nvlink error : Undefined reference

I am getting the following error when running make for my CUDA (v7.5) application:

nvlink error : Undefined reference to '_ZN8Strategy8backtestEPddd'

I'm not sure why. It seems something is likely wrong with my Makefile. Here it is -- any ideas what might be causing the error? Thank you in advance!

CC = nvcc
CFLAGS = -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field
LFLAGS = -L/usr/local/lib -Llib $(shell pkg-config --libs libmongoc-1.0 libbson-1.0)
INCLUDES = -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude $(shell pkg-config --cflags libmongoc-1.0 libbson-1.0)
LIBS = -lgsl -lcblas
BIN = ./bin
OBJDIR = ./obj
OBJ = factories/optimizationStrategyFactory.o positions/callPosition.o positions/putPosition.o \
      positions/position.o strategies/reversalsOptimizationStrategy.o strategies/optimizationStrategy.o \
      strategies/strategy.o factories/optimizerFactory.o optimizers/reversalsOptimizer.o optimizers/optimizer.o \
      factories/dataParserFactory.o dataParsers/oandaDataParser.o dataParsers/dataParser.o \
      studies/study.o studies/smaStudy.o studies/emaStudy.o studies/rsiStudy.o \
      studies/stochasticOscillatorStudy.o studies/polynomialRegressionChannelStudy.o

all: prepareData optimize

prepareData: src/prepareData.cu $(addprefix lib/,$(OBJ))
    @mkdir -p $(BIN)
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -o $(BIN)/$@ src/prepareData.cu $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(addprefix lib/,$(OBJ))) $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS)

optimize: src/optimize.cu $(addprefix lib/,$(OBJ))
    @mkdir -p $(BIN)
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -o $(BIN)/$@ src/optimize.cu $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(addprefix lib/,$(OBJ))) $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS)

%.o: %.cu
    @mkdir -p $(OBJDIR)/lib/strategies $(OBJDIR)/lib/positions $(OBJDIR)/lib/factories $(OBJDIR)/lib/optimizers $(OBJDIR)/lib/dataParsers $(OBJDIR)/lib/studies
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -o $(OBJDIR)/$@ --device-c $<
clean:
    rm -rf $(BIN) $(OBJDIR)

And here is the full compiler output:

rm -rf ./bin ./obj
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/factories/optimizationStrategyFactory.o --device-c lib/factories/optimizationStrategyFactory.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/positions/callPosition.o --device-c lib/positions/callPosition.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/positions/putPosition.o --device-c lib/positions/putPosition.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/positions/position.o --device-c lib/positions/position.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/strategies/reversalsOptimizationStrategy.o --device-c lib/strategies/reversalsOptimizationStrategy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/strategies/optimizationStrategy.o --device-c lib/strategies/optimizationStrategy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/strategies/strategy.o --device-c lib/strategies/strategy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/factories/optimizerFactory.o --device-c lib/factories/optimizerFactory.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/optimizers/reversalsOptimizer.o --device-c lib/optimizers/reversalsOptimizer.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/optimizers/optimizer.o --device-c lib/optimizers/optimizer.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/factories/dataParserFactory.o --device-c lib/factories/dataParserFactory.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/dataParsers/oandaDataParser.o --device-c lib/dataParsers/oandaDataParser.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/dataParsers/dataParser.o --device-c lib/dataParsers/dataParser.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/studies/study.o --device-c lib/studies/study.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/studies/smaStudy.o --device-c lib/studies/smaStudy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/studies/emaStudy.o --device-c lib/studies/emaStudy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/studies/rsiStudy.o --device-c lib/studies/rsiStudy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/studies/stochasticOscillatorStudy.o --device-c lib/studies/stochasticOscillatorStudy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./obj/lib/studies/polynomialRegressionChannelStudy.o --device-c lib/studies/polynomialRegressionChannelStudy.cu
nvcc -std=c++11 -m64 -arch=compute_35 -code=sm_35 --compiler-options=-Wall,-Wno-unused-function,-Wno-unused-local-typedef,-Wno-unused-private-field -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -Iinclude -I/usr/local/include/libmongoc-1.0 -I/usr/local/include/libbson-1.0 -o ./bin/prepareData src/prepareData.cu ./obj/lib/factories/optimizationStrategyFactory.o ./obj/lib/positions/callPosition.o ./obj/lib/positions/putPosition.o ./obj/lib/positions/position.o ./obj/lib/strategies/reversalsOptimizationStrategy.o ./obj/lib/strategies/optimizationStrategy.o ./obj/lib/strategies/strategy.o ./obj/lib/factories/optimizerFactory.o ./obj/lib/optimizers/reversalsOptimizer.o ./obj/lib/optimizers/optimizer.o ./obj/lib/factories/dataParserFactory.o ./obj/lib/dataParsers/oandaDataParser.o ./obj/lib/dataParsers/dataParser.o ./obj/lib/studies/study.o ./obj/lib/studies/smaStudy.o ./obj/lib/studies/emaStudy.o ./obj/lib/studies/rsiStudy.o ./obj/lib/studies/stochasticOscillatorStudy.o ./obj/lib/studies/polynomialRegressionChannelStudy.o -L/usr/local/lib -Llib -L/usr/local/lib -lsasl2 -lssl -lcrypto -lz -lmongoc-1.0 -lbson-1.0 -lgsl -lcblas
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN12CallPosition13getProfitLossEv' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN12CallPosition18getTransactionTypeEv' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN11PutPosition13getProfitLossEv' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN11PutPosition18getTransactionTypeEv' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN8PositionD1Ev' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN8PositionD0Ev' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN12CallPositionD1Ev' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN12CallPositionD0Ev' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN11PutPositionD1Ev' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN11PutPositionD0Ev' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN29ReversalsOptimizationStrategy8backtestEPddd' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN20OptimizationStrategy4tickEPd' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink info    : Function '_ZN8Strategy8backtestEPddd' has address taken but no possible call to it
nvlink error   : Undefined reference to '_ZN8Strategy8backtestEPddd' in './obj/lib/strategies/optimizationStrategy.o'
make: *** [prepareData] Error 255

Note this started happening around the time I added --device-c (which some code changes require).

Turns out objects passed to CUDA kernels cannot have virtual functions. See this thread.

However, it seems that objects instantiated and used only within the kernel can have virtual functions.