How to force an ImportError on development machine

问题:

I'm trying to use a third-party lib (docutils) on Google App Engine and have a problem with this code (in docutils):

try:
    import pwd
    do stuff
except ImportError:
    do other stuff

I want the import to fail, as it will on the actual GAE server, but the problem is that it doesn't fail on my development box (ubuntu). How to make it fail, given that the import is not in my own code?

回答1:

Even easier than messing with __import__ is just inserting None in the sys.modules dict:

>>> import sys
>>> sys.modules['pwd'] = None
>>> import pwd
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: No module named pwd

回答2:

In your testing framework, before you cause docutils to be imported, you can perform this setup task:

import __builtin__
self.savimport = __builtin__.__import__
def myimport(name, *a):
  if name=='pwd': raise ImportError
  return self.savimport(name, *a)
__builtin__.__import__ = myimport

and of course in teardown put things back to normal:

__builtin__.__import__ = self.savimport

Explanation: all import operations go through __builtin__.__import__, and you can reassign that name to have such operations use your own code (alternatives such as import hooks are better for such purposes as performing import from non-filesystem sources, but for purposes such as yours, overriding __builtin__.__import__, as you see above, affords truly simple code).