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问题:

How do I import Python files during execution?

I have created 3 file a.py,b.py and c.py in a path C:\Users\qksr\Desktop\Samples

The files contain the code as shown below:

a.py

from c import MyGlobals

def func2():
    print MyGlobals.x
    MyGlobals.x = 2

b.py

import a
from c import MyGlobals

def func1():
    MyGlobals.x = 1      

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print MyGlobals.x
    func1()
    print MyGlobals.x
    a.func2()
    print MyGlobals.x

c.py

class MyGlobals(object):
    x = 0

When I execute the code b.py the following error is thrown:

ImportError: No module named a

I believe my working directory is default and all the file a,b,c is just created by me in the samples folder.

How do I import python files in Python?

回答1:

If you are working in the same directory, that is, b.py is in the same folder as a.py, I am unable to reproduce this problem (and do not know why this problem occurs), but it would be helpful if you post what os.getcwd() returns for b.py.

If that's not the case, add this on top of b.py

import sys
sys.path.append('PATH TO a.py')

OR if they are in the same path,

import sys
sys.path.append(os.basename(sys.argv[0])) # It should be there anyway but still..

回答2:

Tweaking PYTHONPATH is generally not a very good idea.

A better way is to make your current directory behave like a module, by adding a file named __init__.py, which can be empty.

Then the python interpretter allows you to import files from that directory.

回答3:

There are many ways to import a python file:

Don't just hastily pick the first import strategy that works for you or else you'll have to rewrite the codebase later on when you find it doesn't meet your needs.

I start out explaining the the easiest console example #1, then move toward the most professional and robust program example #5

Example 1, Import a python module with python interpreter:

Put this in /home/el/foo/fox.py:

def what_does_the_fox_say():
  print "vixens cry"

Get into the python interpreter:

el@apollo:/home/el/foo$ python
Python 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2013, 20:03:06) 
>>> import fox
>>> fox.what_does_the_fox_say()
vixens cry
>>>

You invoked the python function what_does_the_fox_say() from within the file fox through the python interpreter.

Option 2, Use execfile in a script to execute the other python file in place:

Put this in /home/el/foo2/mylib.py:
```
def moobar():
  print "hi"
```

Put this in /home/el/foo2/main.py:

execfile("/home/el/foo2/mylib.py")
moobar()

run the file:
```
el@apollo:/home/el/foo$ python main.py
hi
```
The function moobar was imported from mylib.py and made available in main.py

Option 3, Use from ... import ... functionality:

Put this in /home/el/foo3/chekov.py:

def question():
  print "where are the nuclear wessels?"

Put this in /home/el/foo3/main.py:
```
from chekov import question
question()
```
Run it like this:
```
el@apollo:/home/el/foo3$ python main.py 
where are the nuclear wessels?
```
If you defined other functions in chekov.py, they would not be available unless you import *

Option 4, Import riaa.py if it's in a different file location from where it is imported

Put this in /home/el/foo4/bittorrent/riaa.py:

def watchout_for_riaa_mpaa():
  print "there are honeypot kesha songs on bittorrent that log IP " +
  "addresses of seeders and leechers. Then comcast records strikes against " +
  "that user and thus, the free internet was transmogified into " +
  "a pay-per-view cable-tv enslavement device back in the 20th century."

Put this in /home/el/foo4/main.py:

import sys 
import os
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath("/home/el/foo4/bittorrent"))
from riaa import *

watchout_for_riaa_mpaa()

Run it:

el@apollo:/home/el/foo4$ python main.py 
there are honeypot kesha songs on bittorrent...

That imports everything in the foreign file from a different directory.

Option 5, Import files in python with the bare import command:

Make a new directory /home/el/foo5/
Make a new directory /home/el/foo5/herp

Make an empty file named __init__.py under herp:

el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp$ touch __init__.py
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp$ ls
__init__.py

Make a new directory /home/el/foo5/herp/derp

Under derp, make another __init__.py file:

el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp/derp$ touch __init__.py
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp/derp$ ls
__init__.py

Under /home/el/foo5/herp/derp make a new file called yolo.py Put this in there:

def skycake():
  print "SkyCake evolves to stay just beyond the cognitive reach of " +
  "the bulk of men. SKYCAKE!!"

The moment of truth, Make the new file /home/el/foo5/main.py, put this in there;
```
from herp.derp.yolo import skycake
skycake()
```
Run it:
```
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5$ python main.py
SkyCake evolves to stay just beyond the cognitive reach of the bulk 
of men. SKYCAKE!!
```
The empty __init__.py file communicates to the python interpreter that the developer intends this directory to be an importable package.

If you want to see my post on how to include ALL .py files under a directory see here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/20753073/445131

Bonus protip, whether you are using Mac, Linux or Windows, you need to be using python's idle editor as described here. It will unlock your python world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkW5CSZ_VII

回答4:

Referring to: I would like to know how to import a file which is created in any path outside the default path ?

import sys

sys.path.append(directory_path) # a.py should be located here

回答5:

By default, Python won't import modules from the current working directory. There's 2 (maybe more) solutions for this:

PYTHONPATH=. python my_file.py

which tells python to look for modules to import in ., or:

sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__))

which modifies the import path on runtime, adding the directory of the 'current' file.

回答6:

1st option: Add the path to your files to the default paths Pythons looks at.

import sys
sys.path.insert(0, 'C:/complete/path/to/my/directory')

2nd option: Add the path relative to your current root of your environment (current directory), using instead the following:

#Learn your current root 
import os
os.getcwd()  

#Change your current root (optional)
os.chdir('C:/new/root')

#Add the path from your current root '.' to your directory
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, './Path/from/current/root/to/my/directory')