How to get the highest value in a row together wit

I have a table with 10 columns, eight of them are columns with dates. My desired outcome is to get max date for each row (what I have already accomplished) but I would also like to get the name of the columns, which this max dates come from.

    SELECT s.sp_id
,s.sp_numer
,(
    SELECT MAX(Data_przedawnienia_update)
    FROM (
        VALUES (Data_przedawnienia_Postanowienie_o_umorzeniu_egzekucji)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Egzekucja_w_toku)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Nakaz_zaplaty_z_klauzula)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Nakaz_zaplaty)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Sprawa_sadowa_w_toku)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Wplaty_na_etapie_polubownym)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Umowa_ugody)
            ,(Data_przedawnienia_Wypowiedzenie_umowy)
        ) AS Data_przedawnienia(Data_przedawnienia_update)
    ) AS Data_przedawnienia_update
FROM dm_data_bps.dbo.sprawa AS s
INNER JOIN dm_data_bps.dbo.cache_sprawa_info AS csi ON s.sp_id = csi.sp_id
AND sprawa_zamknieta = 0
LEFT JOIN ##Postanowienie_o_umorzeniu_egzekucji AS umorzenie ON s.sp_id =       
umorzenie.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Egzekucja_w_toku AS egzekucja ON s.sp_id = egzekucja.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Nakaz_zaplaty_z_klauzula AS nakaz_kl ON s.sp_id = nakaz_kl.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Nakaz_zaplaty AS nakaz ON s.sp_id = nakaz.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Sprawa_sadowa_w_toku AS sprawa_sad ON s.sp_id = sprawa_sad.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Wplaty_na_etapie_polubownym AS wplaty_polubowny ON s.sp_id =   
wplaty_polubowny.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Umowa_ugody AS ugoda ON s.sp_id = ugoda.sp_id
LEFT JOIN ##Wypowiedzenie_umowy AS wypowiedzenie ON s.sp_id = 
wypowiedzenie.sp_id

XML has great abilities to deal with generic queries:

DECLARE @tbl TABLE(ID INT IDENTITY,d1 DATE, d2 DATE, d3 DATE);
INSERT INTO @tbl VALUES
 ('20180101','20180102','20180103')  --one max value
,('20170101','20190102','20190102'); --two max values

SELECT TOP 1 WITH TIES
       t.ID 
      ,y.value('text()[1]','date') d
      ,y.value('local-name(.)','varchar(100)') c
FROM @tbl t
CROSS APPLY(SELECT d1,d2,d3 FOR XML PATH('d'),TYPE) A(x)
CROSS APPLY x.nodes('/d/*') B(y) 
ORDER BY DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY ID ORDER BY y.value('text()[1]','date') DESC);

UPDATE: Some explanation

The first CROSS APPLY will create an XML which looks like this:

<d>
  <d1>2018-01-01</d1>
  <d2>2018-01-02</d2>
  <d3>2018-01-03</d3>
</d>

The second CROSS APPLY uses .nodes() to return all nodes within <d>. With .value() we can get the element's name (local-name()) and its content.

The trick with DENSE_RANK and TOP 1 WITH TIES will return all rows which get a 1 (which are the highest per ID).