except-clause deletes local variable

问题:

exc = None
try:
    raise Exception
except Exception as exc:
    pass

# ...

print(exc)

NameError: name 'exc' is not defined

This used to work in Python2. Why was it changed this way? If I could at least re-assign to exc, similar to class-level attributes

class Foo(object):
    Bar = Bar

but this does not make it work either:

exc = None
try:
    raise Exception
except Exception as exc:
    exc = exc

Any good hints to achieve the same? I'd prefer not to write something like this:

exc = None
try:
    raise Exception("foo")
except Exception as e:
    exc = e

# ...

print(exc)

回答1:

The try statement explictily limits the scope of the bound exception, to prevent circular references causing it to leak. See the try statement documentation:

When an exception has been assigned using as target, it is cleared at the end of the except clause.

[...]

This means the exception must be assigned to a different name to be able to refer to it after the except clause. Exceptions are cleared because with the traceback attached to them, they form a reference cycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame alive until the next garbage collection occurs.

Emphasis mine; note that your only option is to bind the exception to a new name.

In Python 2, exceptions did not have a reference to the traceback, which is why this was changed.

However, even in Python 2, you are explicitly warned about cleaning up tracebacks, see sys.exc_info():

Warning: Assigning the traceback return value to a local variable in a function that is handling an exception will cause a circular reference. This will prevent anything referenced by a local variable in the same function or by the traceback from being garbage collected. Since most functions don’t need access to the traceback, the best solution is to use something like exctype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2] to extract only the exception type and value. If you do need the traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a try ... finally statement) or to call exc_info() in a function that does not itself handle an exception.

If you do re-bind the exception, you may want to clear the traceback explicitly:

try:
    raise Exception("foo")
except Exception as e:
    exc = e
    exc.__traceback__ = None