Ambiguous Reference to overloaded definition - One

问题:

Given the following companion object with overloaded versions of apply:

object List {
  def apply[T](): List[T] = new Nil
  def apply[T](x1: T): List[T] = new Cons(x1, new Nil)
  def apply[T](x1: T, x2: T): List[T] = new Cons(x1, new Cons(x2, new Nil))
  def apply[T](elems: T*): List[T] = 
    elems.foldRight(List[T])((elem, l) => new Cons(elem, l))
}

And the two instantiations

List(1) // Error - Ambiguity 
List('a', 'b') // Works fine

scalac complains about the first instantiation (ambiguous reference to overloaded definition) because both the single argument and the varargs method are equally specific.

Searching stackoverflow I've found that it is possible to force the single argument method. List[Int](1) will make the compiler use def apply[T](x1: T).

My question is why does the second instantiation match def apply[T](x1: T, x2: T) without extra "hints"? In other words, why is the two argument method more specific than the varargs method where the single argument method isn't?

回答1:

To answer your question we need to have a look at what happens when the Scala compiler has to perform overloading resolution. This is described in SLS 6.23.3 (for Scala 2.9).

Let's take a slightly simpler version of your example:

object Test {
  def apply[T](x1: T) = "one arg"                      // A
  def apply[T](x1: T, x2: T) = "two args"              // B
  def apply[T](elems: T*) = "var-args: " + elems.size  // C
}

And look at these three calls:

Test(1) // fails, ambiguous reference, A and C both match arguments
Test[Int](1) // returns "one arg"
Test(1,2) // returns "two args", not "var-args: 2"

Let's start with the first one. First, the compiler looks at the shape of each argument, which is a type that describes, basically, if the argument is a value or a function. Here, no difficulty, 1 is a very normal, boring value and its shape is the type Nothing.

Now it has a single argument 1, of type Nothing, and finds all alternatives that are applicable to it. It finds two of them:

• apply[T](x1: T): it takes a single argument of unbounded type, so it can receive a argument of type Nothing,
• apply[T](elems: T*): it can be applied to any number (0 included) of arguments of the same unbounded type, so it can receive a single element of type Nothing.

It there were only one, it would stop there and choose that one.

The second step is identical to the above, except this time it types each argument with an undefined expected type. Basically here it looks at the two alternatives left and finds out if they are applicable to the argument 1 of type A <: Int. No luck, they both are. If you were two change apply[T](x1: T) to apply(x1: String) and leave the other one alone, here there would only be one applicable alternative left and it would succeed and stop.

Then the compiler computes the relative weight of each alternative left over each other. The SLS states that

The relative weight of an alternative A over an alternative B is a number from 0 to 2, defined as the sum of

• 1 if A is as specific as B , 0 otherwise, and
• 1 if A is defined in a class or object which is derived from the class or object defining B , 0 otherwise.

At this point, there must be one alternative that has a higher score than all others, or there is an ambiguity error. We can ignore the "defined" part, they are defined in the same place.

• A is as specific as C because you can always call C with the single argument of A,
• C is as specific as A because of type inference: you can always call A with the argument of C since A can take anything (its parameter's type can be inferred to whatever we want). C's parameters is seen as a Seq[A] so T is inferred as Seq[A] in A and it can call it. So C is as specific as A.

This can be seen if you change A to apply[T <: Int](x: T): it goes all the way to looking for the most specific one, but this time type inference cannot find a way to make A applicable to C's argument (a Seq) because it isn't a subtype of Int, so A is the most specific. Obviously, the same thing happens if you change A to apply(x: Int), type inference can't even do anything.

This also explains why Test[Int](1) succeeds in calling the one argument version. The two final alternatives are identical, but A's type parameter has been bound to Int and type inference cannot change it to fit C's argument anymore.

Finally, applying the same logic gives you why Test(1,2) works fine:

• B is as specific as C: you can always call C with B's arguments,
• but C is not as specific as B: no amount of type inference will manage to fit a single Seq into a method that takes two parameters.

So apply[T](x1: T, x2: T) is the most specific and there are no errors.

Basically for a var-arg and a normal method to produce an ambiguity, you they need to have the same number of arguments and a way to trick type inference on (at least) the last argument:

def apply[T](x1: T)
def apply[T](x: T*)

Or

def apply[T](x1: Int, x2:T)
def apply[T](x1: Int, x: T*)

And so on...

Edit: I wasn't sure at first whether the repeated parameter was seen as a Seq[A] or a TupleX[...] when looking for specificity. It definitely isn't a tuple, and auto-tupling has nothing to do with any of this.

回答2:

The fixed-arity method is always more specific than the var-arity.

f(P1, P2) doesn't apply to (a, b, c, ...), which is how you can think of f(P*).

Conversely, though, f(P*) takes the shape f(p1,..,pn) for purposes of applicability to N args. So it always applies and is not as specific as the fixed-arity method.

So that's the normal reason your f(a,b) is more specific than f(P*).

For the one-arg case, it depends on what you pick for the type param.

f[A](a: A) does apply to (a, b, ...) by tupling and taking A as a Tuple.

By saying A = Int, then obviously A can't be taken as a Tuple.

Sample confusion about var-arity and how affects specificity:

https://issues.scala-lang.org/browse/SI-4728

object Foo {
  def apply[T](): Int = 1
  def apply[T](x1: T): Int = 2
  def apply[T](x1: T, x2: T): Int = 3
  def apply[T](elems: T*): Int = 4

  // two or more
  def canonically[T](x1: T, x2: T, rest: T*): List[T] = ???
}

object Test extends App {
  Console println Foo(7)
  Console println Foo[Int](7)
  Console println Foo(7,8)
  Console println Foo[Pair[Int,Int]](7,8)
}

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