What's the difference between parse trees and

问题:

I found the two terms in a compiler design book, and I'd like to know what each stands for, and how they are different.

I searched on the internet and found that parse trees are also called concrete syntax trees (CSTs).

回答1:

This is based on the Expression Evaluator grammar by Terrence Parr.

The grammar for this example:

grammar Expr002;

options 
{
    output=AST;
    ASTLabelType=CommonTree; // type of $stat.tree ref etc...
}

prog    :   ( stat )+ ;

stat    :   expr NEWLINE        -> expr
        |   ID '=' expr NEWLINE -> ^('=' ID expr)
        |   NEWLINE             ->
        ;

expr    :   multExpr (( '+'^ | '-'^ ) multExpr)*
        ; 

multExpr
        :   atom ('*'^ atom)*
        ; 

atom    :   INT 
        |   ID
        |   '('! expr ')'!
        ;

ID      : ('a'..'z' | 'A'..'Z' )+ ;
INT     : '0'..'9'+ ;
NEWLINE : '\r'? '\n' ;
WS      : ( ' ' | '\t' )+ { skip(); } ;

Input

x=1
y=2
3*(x+y)

Parse Tree

The parse tree is a concrete representation of the input. The parse tree retains all of the information of the input. The empty boxes represent whitespace, i.e. end of line.

AST

The AST is an abstract representation of the input. Notice that parens are not present in the AST because the associations are derivable from the tree structure.

EDIT

For a more through explanation see Compilers and Compiler Generators by P.D. Terry pg. 23. Also see the authors home page for more items such as source code.

回答2:

Here's an explanation of parse trees (concrete syntax trees, CSTs) and abstract syntax trees (ASTs), in the context of compiler construction. They're similar data structures, but they're constructed differently and used for different tasks.

Parse trees

Parse trees are usually generated as the next step after lexical analysis (which turns the source code into a series of tokens that can be viewed as meaningful units, as opposed to just a sequence of characters).

They are tree-like data structures that shows how an input string of terminals (source code tokens) has been generated by the grammar of the language in question. The root of the parse tree is the most general symbol of the grammar - the start symbol (for example, statement), and the interior nodes represent nonterminal symbols that the start symbol expands to (can include the start symbol itself), such as expression, statement, term, function call. The leaves are the terminals of the grammar, the actual symbols which appear as identifiers, keywords, and constants in the language / input string, e.g. for, 9, if, etc.

While parsing the compiler also performs various checks to ensure the correctness of syntax - and and syntax error reports can be imbedded into parser code.

They can be used for syntax-directed translation via syntax-directed definitions or translation schemes, for simple tasks such as converting an infix expression to a postfix one.

Here's a graphical representation of a parse tree for the expression 9 - 5 + 2 (note the placement of the terminals in the tree and the actual symbols from the expression string):

Abstract syntax trees

ASTs represent the syntactic structure of the some code. The trees of programming constructs such as expressions, flow control statements, etc - grouped into operators (interior nodes) and operands (leaves). For example, the syntax tree for the expression i + 9 would have the operator + as root, the variable i as the operator's left child, and the number 9 as the right child.

The difference here is that nonterminals and terminals don't play a role, as ASTs don't deal with grammars and string generation, but programming constructs, and thus they represent relationships between such constructs, and not the ways they are generated by a grammar.

Note that the operators themselves are programming constructs in a given language, and don't have to be actual computational operators (like + is): for loops would also be treated in this way. For example, you could have a syntax tree such as for [ expr, expr, expr, stmnt ] (represented inline), where for is an operator, and the elements inside the square brackets are its children (representing C's for syntax) - also composed out of operators etc.

ASTs are usually generated by compilers in the syntax analysis (parsing) phase as well, and are used later for semantic analysis, intermediate representation, code generation, etc.

Here's a graphical representation of an AST:

回答3:

An AST describes the source code conceptually, it doesn't need to contain all the syntactical elements required to parse some source code (curly braces, keywords, parenthesis etc.).

A Parse tree represents the source code more closely.

In an AST the node for an IF statement could contain just three children:

• Condition
• If Case
• Else Case

For a C-like language the Parse Tree would need to contain nodes for the 'if' keyword, parenthesis, curly braces also.

回答4:

I found this on the web, maybe helpful:

A parse tree is a record of the rules (and tokens) used to match some input text whereas a syntax tree records the structure of the input and is insensitive to the grammar that produced it. Note that there are an infinite number of grammars for any single language and hence every grammar will result in a different parse tree form for a given input sentence because of all the different intermediate rules. An abstract syntax tree is a far superior intermediate form precisely because of this insensitivity and because it highlights the structure of the language not the grammar.

回答5:

Wikipedia says

Parse trees concretely reflect the syntax of the input language, making them distinct from the abstract syntax trees used in computer programming.

An answer on Quora says

A parse tree is a record of the rules (and tokens) used to match some input text whereas a syntax tree records the structure of the input and is insensitive to the grammar that produced it.

Combining the above two definitions,

An Abstract Syntax Tree describes the parse tree logically. It does not need to contain all the syntactical constructs required to parse some source code (white spaces, braces, keywords, parenthesis etc). That's why Parse Tree is also called Concrete Syntax Tree while the AST is called Syntax Tree. The output of syntax analyser is, thus, syntax tree actually.