Very simple, terse and easy GUI programming “frame

问题:

Please list GUI programming libraries, toolkits, frameworks which allow to write GUI apps quickly. I mean in such a way, that

• GUI is described entirely in a human-readable (and human-writable) plain text file (code)
• code is terse (1 or 2 lines of code per widget/event pair), suitable for scripting
• structure and operation of the GUI is evident from the code (nesting of widgets and flow of events)
• details about how to build the GUI are hidden (things like mainloop, attaching event listeners, etc.)
• auto-layouts are supported (vboxes, hboxes, etc.)

As answers suggest, this may be defined as declarative GUI programming, but it is not necessarily such. Any approach is OK if it works, is easy to use and terse.

There are some GUI libraries/toolkits like this. They are listed below. Please extend the list if you see a qualifying toolkit missing. Indicate if the project is crossplatform, mature, active, and give an example if possible.

Please use this wiki to discuss only Open Source projects.

This is the list so far (in alphabetical order):

Fudgets

Fudgets is a Haskell library. Platform: Unix. Status: Experimental, but still maintained. An example:

  import Fudgets
  main = fudlogue (shellF "Hello" (labelF "Hello, world!" >+< quitButtonF))

Fudgets example screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/02/40/1883597_93x80.gif

GNUstep Renaissance

Renaissance allows to describe GUI in simple XML. Platforms: OSX/GNUstep. Status: part of GNUstep. An example below:

<window title="Example">
  <vbox>
    <label font="big">
      Click the button below to quit the application
    </label>
    <button title="Quit" action="terminate:"/>
  </vbox>
</window> 

Renaissance example screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/03/19/1884098_289x80.png

HTML

HTML-based GUI (HTML + JS). Crossplatform, mature. Can be used entirely on the client side.

Looking for a nice “helloworld” example.

HTML GUI example http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/02/44/1883635_264x60.png

JavaFX

JavaFX is usable for standalone (desktop) apps as well as for web applications. Not completely crossplatform, not yet completely open source. Status: 1.0 release. An example:

  Frame {
    content: Button {
      text: "Press Me"
      action: operation() {
         System.out.println("You pressed me");
      }
    }
    visible: true
  }

Screenshot is needed.

Phooey

Phooey is another Haskell library. Crossplatform (wxWidgets), HTML+JS backend planned. Mature and active. An example (a little more than a helloworld):

  ui1 :: UI ()
  ui1 = title "Shopping List" $
        do a <- title "apples"  $ islider (0,10) 3
           b <- title "bananas" $ islider (0,10) 7
           title "total" $ showDisplay (liftA2 (+) a b)

Phooey example screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/02/33/1883543_236x187.png

PythonCard

PythonCard describes GUI in a Python dictionary. Crossplatform (wxWidgets). Some apps use it, but the project seems stalled. There is an active fork.

I skip PythonCard example because it is too verbose for the contest.

PythonCard example screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/02/46/1883646_199x99.gif

Shoes

Shoes for Ruby. Platforms: Win/OSX/GTK+. Status: Young but active. A minimal app looks like this:

  Shoes.app {
     @push = button "Push me"
     @note = para "Nothing pushed so far"
     @push.click {
        @note.replace "Aha! Click!"
     }
  }

Shoes example screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/03/14/1884011_227x71.png

Tcl/Tk

Tcl/Tk. Crossplatform (its own widget set). Mature (probably even dated) and active. An example:

  #!/usr/bin/env wish
  button .hello -text "Hello, World!" -command { exit }
  pack .hello
  tkwait window .

Tcl/Tk example screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/02/51/1883672_111x58.png

tekUI

tekUI for Lua (and C). Platforms: X11, DirectFB. Status: Alpha (usable, but API still evolves). An example:

  #/usr/bin/env lua
  ui = require "tek.ui"
  ui.Application:new {
    Children = {
      ui.Window:new  {
        Title = "Hello",
        Children = {
          ui.Text:new {
            Text = "_Hello, World!", Style = "button", Mode = "button",
          },
        },
      },
    },
  }:run()

tekUI helloworld screenshot http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/03/01/1883821_290x55.png

Treethon

Treethon for Python. It describes GUI in a YAML file (Python in a YAML tree). Platform: GTK+. Status: work in proress. A simple app looks like this:

  _import: gtk
  view: gtk.Window()
  add:
      - view: gtk.Button('Hello World')
        on clicked: print view.get_label()

Treethon helloworld screenshot http://treethon.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/treethon_gtk_tutorial/base.png

Yet unnamed Python library by Richard Jones:

This one is not released yet. The idea is to use Python context managers (with keyword) to structure GUI code. See Richard Jones' blog for details.

with gui.vertical:
    text = gui.label('hello!')
    items = gui.selection(['one', 'two', 'three'])
    with gui.button('click me!'):
        def on_click():
            text.value = items.value
            text.foreground = red

XUL

XUL + Javascript may be used to create stand-alone desktop apps with XULRunner as well as Mozilla extensions. Mature, open source, crossplatform.

  <?xml version="1.0"?>
  <?xml-stylesheet href="chrome://global/skin/" type="text/css"?>
  <window id="main" title="My App" width="300" height="300"
  xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul">
    <caption label="Hello World"/>
  </window>

XUL helloworld example http://www.picamatic.com/show/2009/01/28/03/27/1884209_228x108.png

---

Thank your for contributions!

回答1:

Not to kid, but HTML.

It's cross-platform, and sums up the gui-layout in a simple textfile. It's definitely mature, as well as well-understood and well documented.

There's a bunch of ways to template HTML files for dynamic content, and other ways to convert custom syntaxes to HTML if you dislike angle-brackets.

Client-side scripting w/ Javascript, server-side scripting with PHP/Ruby/Python/Perl.

It's not well suited for all purposes, but for many, it's good enough. There's no reason that it has to be served either - you can distribute a HTML file to your clients if you want - see TiddlyWiki for a good example of where that can go.

回答2:

What you're describing is, with the exception of shoes, the new-fangled notion of declarative programming. I'd describe shoes more as a GUI Domain-Specifc Language. Well, I say new-fangled: Visual Basic forms, if you looked behind the IDE designer, were declarative. So, going further back still, were Oracle's SQL*Forms, although assembling them with a text editor was a process only to be be undertaken by the very bravest.

To add another to the list, Microsoft have XAML which, among other things, describes GUIs built for the WPF.

Although some of the schemes mentioned are fairly simple, declaratively-defined GUIs can be as complex as anything defined in code, they're just easier and terser: they say "what" you want to happen and leave it to the underlying framework to handle the "how".

回答3:

TCL/TK is a script language used for building GUI interactively. It is available on various platforms including Unix, Windows and Mac OS X.

回答4:

Pyjamas - http://pyjs.org - it's a desktop widget set, disguised as an AJAX-based web 2.0 widget set. it's so very much NOT like a web widget set that i actually ported it to the desktop - http://pyjd.org - using webkit (the same engine in adobe AIR, google chrome, safari etc.)

this is "hello world":

from pyjamas.ui.RootPanel import RootPanel
from pyjamas.ui.Button import Button
from pyjamas import Window

def greet(fred):
    Window.alert("Hello, AJAX!")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    b = Button("Click me", greet)
    RootPanel().add(b)

that immediately answers the first four out of five requirements. requirement 5 is fulfilled by this:

from pyjamas.ui.RootPanel import RootPanel
from pyjamas.ui.HorizontalPanel import HorizontalPanel
from pyjamas.ui.HTML import HTML

p = HorizontalPanel()
p.add(HTML("<b>Hello</b>"))
p.add(HTML("World"))
RootPanel().add(p)

it couldn't get any simpler.

回答5:

XUL (it's pretty easy to use, and powerful -- much of Firefox is implemented using XUL for GUI structure, + javascript for logic handling)

The XUL tutorial has some good examples. Here's one for tabboxes. The one at the bottom of the page has switchable tabs, buttons, edit boxes, and group boxes, and it's fairly simple (no Javascript/CSS/XBL/key bindings/etc). They then add progressively more stuff later which is a lot of functionality for the length of the file that specifies it. (at least until you start adding javascript to handle the logic in question) If I had to do something like this in Win32 it would be a real pain.

回答6:

wxLua is a wrapper of the wxWidgets library for Lua. It uses a Connect method to attach gui widget events to functions (functions are first class like in JS).

回答7:

GTK-server is extremely simple to use and can be used from more than 30 languages, including Bash and Visual Basic.

回答8:

SDL/Swing is extremely terse, readable, unobtrusive (283k lib with no dependencies) and easy to use. Example:

menus {
    "File" {
        "Open" do="open" // calls "open()" in the controller
        "---"
        "Exit" do="exit"
    }
}

Its open source but enjoys commercial support from Ikayzo.com. Ports for .NET and iOS are underway.

回答9:

I juat came across SDL/Swing today.

回答10:

You should have a look at XAML if you're on the .NET platform