Why should I use Hamcrest-Matcher and assertThat()

问题:

When I look at the examples in the Assert class JavaDoc

assertThat("Help! Integers don't work", 0, is(1)); // fails:
// failure message:
// Help! Integers don't work
// expected: is <1> 
// got value: <0>
assertThat("Zero is one", 0, is(not(1))) // passes

I dont see a big advantage over, let's say, assertEquals( 0, 1 ).

It's nice maybe for the messages if the constructs get more complicated but do you see more advantages? Readability?

回答1:

There's no big advantage for those cases where an assertFoo exists that exactly matches your intent. In those cases they behave almost the same.

But when you come to checks that are somewhat more complex, then the advantage becomes more visible:

assertTrue(foo.contains("someValue") && foo.contains("anotherValue"));

vs.

assertThat(foo, hasItems("someValue", "anotherValue"));

One can discuss which one of those is easier to read, but once the assert fails, you'll get a good error message from assertThat, but only a very minimal amount of information from assertTrue.

assertThat will tell you what the assertion was and what you got instead. assertTrue will only tell you that you got false where you expected true.

回答2:

The JUnit release notes for version 4.4 (where it was introduced) state four advantages :

• More readable and typeable: this syntax allows you to think in terms of subject, verb, object (assert "x is 3") rather than assertEquals, which uses verb, object, subject (assert "equals 3 x")
• Combinations: any matcher statement s can be negated (not(s)), combined (either(s).or(t)), mapped to a collection (each(s)), or used in custom combinations (afterFiveSeconds(s))
• Readable failure messages. (...)
• Custom Matchers. By implementing the Matcher interface yourself, you can get all of the above benefits for your own custom assertions.

More detailed argumentation from the guy who created the new syntax : here.

回答3:

Basically for increasing the readability of the code.

Besides hamcrest you can also use the fest assertions. They have a few advantages over hamcrest such as:

• they are more readable
  (assertEquals(123, actual); // reads "assert equals 123 is actual" vs
  assertThat(actual).isEqualTo(123); // reads "assert that actual is equal to 123")
• they are discoverable (you can make autocompletion work with any IDE).

Some examples

import static org.fest.assertions.api.Assertions.*;

// common assertions
assertThat(yoda).isInstanceOf(Jedi.class);
assertThat(frodo.getName()).isEqualTo("Frodo");
assertThat(frodo).isNotEqualTo(sauron);
assertThat(frodo).isIn(fellowshipOfTheRing);
assertThat(sauron).isNotIn(fellowshipOfTheRing);

// String specific assertions
assertThat(frodo.getName()).startsWith("Fro").endsWith("do")
                           .isEqualToIgnoringCase("frodo");

// collection specific assertions
assertThat(fellowshipOfTheRing).hasSize(9)
                               .contains(frodo, sam)
                               .excludes(sauron);


// map specific assertions (One ring and elves ring bearers initialized before)
assertThat(ringBearers).hasSize(4)
                       .includes(entry(Ring.oneRing, frodo), entry(Ring.nenya, galadriel))
                       .excludes(entry(Ring.oneRing, aragorn));

---

October 17th, 2016 Update

Fest is not active anymore, use AssertJ instead.

回答4:

A very basic justification is that it is hard to mess up the new syntax.

Suppose that a particular value, foo, should be 1 after a test.

assertEqual(1, foo);

--OR--

assertThat(foo, is(1));

With the first approach, it is very easy to forget the correct order, and type it backwards. Then rather than saying that the test failed because it expected 1 and got 2, the message is backwards. Not a problem when the test passes, but can lead to confusion when the test fails.

With the second version, it is almost impossible to make this mistake.

回答5:

Example:

assertThat(5 , allOf(greaterThan(1),lessThan(3)));
//  java.lang.AssertionError:
//  Expected: (a value greater than <1> and a value less than <3>)
//       got: <5>
assertTrue("Number not between 1 and 3!", 1 < 5 && 5 < 3);
//  java.lang.AssertionError: Number not between 1 and 3!

1. you can make your tests more particular
2. you get a more detailed Exception, if tests fail
3. easier to read the Test

btw: you can write Text in assertXXX too...

回答6:

assertThat(frodo.getName()).isEqualTo("Frodo");

Is close to natural language.

Easier read, easier analyze code. Programer spend more time to analyze code than write new one. So if code will be easy to analyze then developer should be more productive.

P.S. Code should be as well-written book. Self documented code.

回答7:

there are advantages to assertThat over assertEquals -
1) more readable
2) more information on failure
3) compile time errors - rather than run time errors
4) flexibility with writing test conditions
5) portable - if you are using hamcrest - you can use jUnit or TestNG as the underlying framework.