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问题:
I've been doing some reading on securing PHP applications, and it seems to me that mysqli_real_escape_string
is the correct function to use when inserting data into MySQL tables because addslashes
can cause some weird things to happen for a smart attacker. Right?
However, there is one thing that is confusing me. I seem to remember being advised addslashes
is better than htmlentities
when echoing user-entered data back to users to protect their data, but it seems like addslashes
is the one with the vulnerability. Is this true, or am I remembering incorrectly?
回答1:
There are different contexts for your data. The context of inserting data into the database needs to be escaped differently than the context of rendering html/xml or even an email message.
Escaping data going into a db should be deprecated in all new code in favor of prepared statements. Anyone who tells you otherwise is doing you a great disservice.
Escaping data going to the browser needs to be escaped in a number of different ways depending on the target. Sometimes htmlspecialchars is enough, sometimes you need to use htmlentities. Sometimes you need numeric entities. It is a topic you should do some research on to know all of the nuances.
The general rule I live by is validate (not filter, reject if incorrect) input & escape output (based on context).
回答2:
They are different tools for different purposes.
mysqli_real_escape_string makes data safe for inserting into MySQL (but parametrized queries are better).
Htmlentities makes data safe for outputting into an HTML document
addslashes makes data safe for a few other situations, but is insufficient for MySQL
回答3:
You could also use the PDO libs which does most of the escaping for you, in case you may use PHP5 on the servers.
On echoing back I'd personally prefer htmlspecialchars, but one might correct me
回答4:
yes, use the mysqli_real_escape_string or a library like PDO on all user input. When echoing back, I use htmlentities with ENT_QUOTES as the second parameter, as it escapes all applicable characters to their html entities, including quotes.
回答5:
Note: Using htmlentities() in an UTF-8 encoded document should be avoided. See:
- Interfacing with Systems using other Charsets
- Common Problem Areas with UTF-8
Pay attention to (quoted from phpwact.org):
With modern web browsers and widespead
support for UTF-8, you don’t need
htmlentities because all of these
characters can be represented directly
in UTF-8. More importantly, in
general, only browsers support HTML‘s
special characters - a normal text
editor, for example, is unaware of
HTML entities. Depending on what
you’re doing, using htmlentities may
reduce the ability of other systems to
“consume” your content.
Also (not confirmed but sounds
reasonable - from anon comment here),
character entities (stuff like » or —)
do not work when a document is served
as application/xml+xhtml (unless you
define them). You can still get away
with the numeric form though.
回答6:
Another interesting solution for PHP 5.2 and above is to use the filter extension: http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.filter.php
It allows you to validate and sanitize user inputs. There are many built-in filters available and they can be combined with flags to tweak their behaviour.
In addition hese filters can also be used to validate/sanitize ints, floats, emails, specific regular expressions.
I personally have started using them in my projects to validate forms and to output user-entered data, and I am very glad I did. Although, when I insert values in a MySQL database, I use prepared queries for added security. These solutions together can help avoid most SQL injections and XSS-type attacks.
回答7:
You can't have one "escape" function and expect it to work all of the time. There are different attacks that require specific sanitation routines. The only way to understand this concept is to write some vulnerable code and then exploit it. Writing exploit code is vital to the understanding of any security system.
For instance this query is vulnerable to Sql injection:
$host=htmlspecialchars($_GET[host],ENT_QUOTES);
$name=htmlspecialchars($_GET[name],ENT_QUOTES);
mysql_query("select * from user where Host='$host' and Name='$name' ");
Exploit:
http://localhost/sqli_test.php?host=\&name=%20sleep(20)--%201
The best escape function for mysql is mysqli_real_escape_string() but this can fail:
mysql_query("select * from user where id=".mysqli_real_escape_string($_GET[id]));
exploit:
http://localhost/sqli_test.php?id=1%20or%20sleep(20)
In fact the best way to take care of sql injection isn't calling an escape function, Its using ADODB's parametrized quires for sql injection. Use htmlspecialcahrs($var,ENT_QUTOES) for XSS. Read the OWASP top 10 because there is a whole lot more than can go wrong with web application security.