What are all the common ways to read a file in Rub

问题:

What are all the common ways to read a file in Ruby?

For instance, here is one method:

fileObj = File.new($fileName, "r")
while (line = fileObj.gets)
  puts(line)
end
fileObj.close

I know Ruby is extremely flexible. What are the benefits/drawbacks of each approach?

回答1:

File.open("my/file/path", "r") do |f|
  f.each_line do |line|
    puts line
  end
end
# File is closed automatically at end of block

It is also possible to explicitly close file after as above (pass a block to open closes it for you):

f = File.open("my/file/path", "r")
f.each_line do |line|
  puts line
end
f.close

回答2:

The easiest way if the file isn't too long is:

puts File.read(file_name)

Indeed, IO.read or File.read automatically close the file, so there is no need to use File.open with a block.

回答3:

Be wary of "slurping" files. That's when you read the entire file into memory at once.

The problem is that it doesn't scale well. You could be developing code with a reasonably sized file, then put it into production and suddenly find you're trying to read files measuring in gigabytes, and your host is freezing up as it tries to read and allocate memory.

Line-by-line I/O is very fast, and almost always as effective as slurping. It's surprisingly fast actually.

I like to use:

IO.foreach("testfile") {|x| print "GOT ", x }

or

File.foreach('testfile') {|x| print "GOT", x }

File inherits from IO, and foreach is in IO, so you can use either.

I have some benchmarks showing the impact of trying to read big files via read vs. line-by-line I/O at "Why is "slurping" a file not a good practice?".

回答4:

You can read the file all at once:

content = File.readlines 'file.txt'
content.each_with_index{|line, i| puts "#{i+1}: #{line}"}

When the file is large, or may be large, it is usually better to process it line-by-line:

File.foreach( 'file.txt' ) do |line|
  puts line
end

Sometimes you want access to the file handle though or control the reads yourself:

File.open( 'file.txt' ) do |f|
  loop do
    break if not line = f.gets
    puts "#{f.lineno}: #{line}"
  end
end

In case of binary files, you may specify a nil-separator and a block size, like so:

File.open('file.bin', 'rb') do |f|
  loop do
    break if not buf = f.gets(nil, 80)
    puts buf.unpack('H*')
  end
end

Finally you can do it without a block, for example when processing multiple files simultaneously. In that case the file must be explicitly closed (improved as per comment of @antinome):

begin
  f = File.open 'file.txt'
  while line = f.gets
    puts line
  end
ensure
  f.close
end

References: File API and the IO API.

回答5:

One simple method is to use readlines:

my_array = IO.readlines('filename.txt')

Each line in the input file will be an entry in the array. The method handles opening and closing the file for you.

回答6:

file_content = File.read('filename with extension');
puts file_content;

http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/IO.html#method-c-read

回答7:

I usually do this:

open(path_in_string, &:read)

This will give you the whole text as a string object. It works only under Ruby 1.9.

回答8:

return last n lines from your_file.log or .txt

path = File.join(Rails.root, 'your_folder','your_file.log')

last_100_lines = `tail -n 100 #{path}`

回答9:

An even more efficient way is streaming by asking the operating system’s kernel to open a file, then read bytes from it bit by bit. When reading a file per line in Ruby, data is taken from the file 512 bytes at a time and split up in “lines” after that.

By buffering the file’s content, the number of I/O calls is reduced while dividing the file in logical chunks.

Example:

Add this class to your app as a service object:

class MyIO
  def initialize(filename)
    fd = IO.sysopen(filename)
    @io = IO.new(fd)
    @buffer = ""
  end

  def each(&block)
    @buffer << @io.sysread(512) until @buffer.include?($/)

    line, @buffer = @buffer.split($/, 2)

    block.call(line)
    each(&block)
  rescue EOFError
    @io.close
 end
end

Call it and pass the :each method a block:

filename = './somewhere/large-file-4gb.txt'
MyIO.new(filename).each{|x| puts x }

Read about it here in this detailed post:

Ruby Magic Slurping & Streaming Files By AppSignal

回答10:

content = `cat file`

I think this method is the most "uncommon" one. Maybe it is kind of tricky, but it works if cat is installed.