How to get attributes that were defined through at

问题:

Suppose I have a class A

class A
  attr_accessor :x, :y

  def initialize(x,y)
    @x, @y = x, y
  end
end

How can I get x and y attributes without knowing how exactly they were named.

E.g.

a = A.new(5,10)
a.attributes # => [5, 10]

回答1:

Use introspection, Luke!

class A
  attr_accessor :x, :y

  def initialize(*args)
    @x, @y = args
  end

  def attrs
    instance_variables.map{|ivar| instance_variable_get ivar}
  end
end

a = A.new(5,10)
a.x # => 5
a.y # => 10
a.attrs # => [5, 10]

回答2:

While Sergio's answer helps, it will return all the instance variables, which if I understand correctly the OP's question, is not what is asked.

If you want to return only the 'attributes' that have e.g. a mutator, you have to do something slightly more complicated such as:

attrs = Hash.new
instance_variables.each do |var|
  str = var.to_s.gsub /^@/, ''
  if respond_to? "#{str}="
    attrs[str.to_sym] = instance_variable_get var
  end
end
attrs

This returns only the attributes declared with attr_accessor (or with a manually created mutator), and keep the internal instance variables hidden. You can do something similar if you want the ones declared with attr_reader.

回答3:

class A
  ATTRIBUTES = [:x, :y]
  attr_accessor *ATTRIBUTES

  def initialize(x,y)
    @x, @y = x, y
  end

  def attributes
    ATTRIBUTES.map{|attribute| self.send(attribute) }
  end
end

This may not be the DRY-est, but if you are only concerned with doing this for one class (as opposed to a base class that everything inherits from), then this should work.

回答4:

See this other Stack Overflow Question. They override attr_accessor.

  def self.attr_accessor(*vars)
    @attributes ||= []
    @attributes.concat vars
    super(*vars)
  end

  def self.attributes
    @attributes
  end

  def attributes
    self.class.attributes
  end

回答5:

when you use attr_accessor to define attributes in a class, Ruby using refexion, define a couple of methods, for each attribute declared, one to get the value and other to set, an instance variable of the same name of the attribute

you can see this methods using

p A.instance_methods

[:x, :x=, :y, :y=, :nil?, :===, :=~, :!~, :eql?, :hash, :<=>, :class, :singleton_class, :clone, :dup, :initialize_dup, :initialize_clone, :taint, :tainted?, :untaint, :untrust, :untrusted?,..

So this attributes are accesible, outside the class, with

p "#{a.x},#{a.y}"

or inside the class through the corresponding instance variable

class A
  ...
  def attributes
    [@x,@y]
  end
  ...
end
p a.attributes   #=> [5,10]

回答6:

If you have attr_writers/attr_accessors defined on your attributes, than they can be easily retrieved by matching the =$ regexp:

A.instance_methods.each_with_object([]) { |key, acc| acc << key.to_s.gsub(/=$/, '') if key.match(/\w=$/) }

OR

A.instance_methods.each_with_object([]) { |key, acc| acc << key if key = key.to_s.match(/^(.*\w)=$/)&.[](1) }