Practical use of improper lists in Erlang (perhaps

问题:

I've been reading Erlang and OTP in action, and stumbled upon a question with regards to improper lists.

Don’t be tempted to use list cells this way even if you think you have a clever idea — it’s bug-prone and confuses both humans and program analysis tools. That said, there are one or two valid uses for creating improper lists, but they’re considered advanced programming techniques and are beyond the scope of this book.

Out of scope for the book? It must be perfect for Stackoverflow!
So my question is, of course, what would some valid uses would be?

回答1:

One use suggested by Erlang documentation is faking lazy lists:

-module(lazy).
-export([ints_from/1]).
ints_from(N) ->
    fun() ->
            [N|ints_from(N+1)]
    end.

回答2:

One valid use is described at the very bottom of the Eunit user manual, in the section about lazy generators. This code example is supposed to create a very long list that will be consumed one element at a time, so instead of generating the entire list at once it creates an improper list whose tail describes how to generate the rest of the list:

lazy_test_() ->
    lazy_gen(10000).
lazy_gen(N) ->
    {generator,
     fun () ->
         if N > 0 ->
                [?_test(...)
                 | lazy_gen(N-1)];
            true ->
                []
         end
     end}.

In other words, it's a lazy list, which Erlang itself doesn't give you.

回答3:

OTP stdlib dictionary implementation dict module is using improper lists for key-value pairs. The justification is 2-tuple uses 1 word more memory than 2-element improper list. See efficiency guide for details

回答4:

OTP standard digraph module for directed graphs uses improper lists for tagged vertex and edge identifiers. For example, vertex 42 would be identified as ['$v'|42], which means a pair of an atom (no, not a character literal!) and an integer, similarly edge 97 would be ['$e'|97].