How can I easily get the second-to-last (penultimate) word/argument from the previous command in a bash interactive shell? I often run commands in the background, and I would like to get the file that was specified before the &, e.g.,
% echo foo > /tmp/foo &
% cat !$
% &
In the example above, !$ gives the last word, &. But I want the second-to-the-last argument, /tmp/foo
Note that it is possible to use word designators with a range like !-1:3, but this is impractical for a command with a large number of words where it's not quickly obvious how many words there are, e.g.,
% (set -x; date; pwd; git status; git diff; git log | tail -30; date; args=--verbose time make test; date) >& /tmp/log/make.test.20150122-Thu-0834 &
% echo !-1:30
/tmp/log/make.test.20150122-Thu-0834
The example above works, but you have to count and know that the word you want is the 30th word, which is time-consuming and error-prone.
Is there an easy way to get the second-to-last (penultimate) word?
(Note that this question refers to the arguments of a previous command in an interactive shell, and not to arguments passed to a shell script from the command-line, as some answers and comments here are referring to.)
Interactively, you can get the second to last argument of the previous command line with esc - 1 esc . with the default bindings.
More generally, the sequence esc . gets the final token from the previous command line, and you can pass it a numeric argument to specify a different one (for example, esc 1 esc . gets the first argument, and esc 0 esc . gets the command itself).
esc is one of the keybindings for Meta; on many modern keyboards, you can use Alt as Meta as well (you press it at the same time, not as a prefix modifier). I prefer esc as meta because when my muscle memory learned these things, we didn't have no (reliable, consistent) Alt key, and it's still portable all the way to VT100 and Sun keyboards; and at least on my current keyboard (Mac OSX Yosemite) e.g. alt-- does something else than specify a negative numeric argument.
From a previous compound command like this
echo moo; echo bar
the sequence esc 2 esc . gets the semicolon, because that's the second token.
I'm sure there is a way with ! history expansion as well, but I vastly prefer to see what I'm doing. This mechanism brings you the text you want to refer to into your current command line, so you can edit it if you like as well.
Use this to run a command using the 3rd argument of the last command in history:
echo foo > /tmp/foo &
cat !-1:3
