One of the C++0x improvements that will allow to write more efficient C++ code is the unique_ptr smart pointer (too bad, that it will not allow moving through memmove() like operations: the proposal didn't make into the draft).
What are other performance improvements in upcoming standard? Take following code for example:
vector<char *> v(10,"astring");
string concat = accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(), string(""));
The code will concatenate all the strings contained in vector v. The problem with this neat piece of code is that accumulate() copies things around, and does not use references. And the string() reallocates each time plus operator is called. The code has therefore poor performance compared to well optimized analogical C code.
Does C++0x provide tools to solve the problem and maybe others?
Yes C++ solves the problem through something called move semantics.
Basically it allows for one object to take on the internal representation of another object if that object is a temporary. Instead of copying every byte in the string via a copy-constructor, for example, you can often just allow the destination string to take on the internal representation of the source string. This is allowed only when the source is an r-value.
This is done through the introduction of a move constructor. Its a constructor where you know that the src object is a temporary and is going away. Therefore it is acceptable for the destination to take on the internal representation of the src object.
The same is true for move assignment operators.
To distinguish a copy constructor from a move constructor, the language has introduced rvalue references. A class defines its move constructor to take an rvalue reference which will only be bound to rvalues (temporaries). So my class would define something along the lines of:
class CMyString
{
private:
char* rawStr;
public:
// move constructor bound to rvalues
CMyString(CMyString&& srcStr)
{
rawStr = srcStr.rawStr
srcStr.rawStr = NULL;
}
// move assignment operator
CMyString& operator=(CMyString&& srcStr)
{
if(rawStr != srcStr.rawStr) // protect against self assignment
{
delete[] rawStr;
rawStr = srcStr.rawStr
srcStr.rawStr = NULL;
}
return *this;
}
~CMyString()
{
delete [] rawStr;
}
}
Here is a very good and detailed article on move semantics and the syntax that allows you to do this.
One performance-boost will be generalized constant expressions,which is introduced by the keyword constexpr.
constexpr int returnSomething() {return 40;}
int avalue[returnSomething() + 2];
This is not legal C++ code, because returnSomething()+2 is not a constant expression.
But by using the constexpr keyword, C++0x can tell the compiler that the expression is a compile-time constant.
Sorry - you cannot state as a fact that string concat = accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(), string("")); must reallocate. A straightforward implementation will, of course. But compilers are very much allowed to do the right thing here.
This is already the case in C++98, and C++0x continues to allow both smart and dumb implementations. That said, move semantics will make smart implementations simpler.
vector<string> v(10, "foo");
string concat = accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), string(""));
This example is simply bad programming, in any C++ standard. It is equivalent to this:
string tmp;
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
tmp = tmp + "foo"; //copy tmp, append "foo", then copy the result back into tmp
C++11 move semantics will only take care of the "copy the result back into tmp" part of the equation. The initial copies from tmp will still be copies. It is a classic Schlemiel the Painter's algorithm, but even worse than the usual example using strcat in C.
If accumulate just used += instead of + and = then it would've avoided all those copies.
But C++11 does give us a way to do better, while remaining succinct, using a lambda function:
string concat;
for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [&](const string &s){ concat += s; });
EDIT: I suppose a standard library implementor could choose to implement accumulate with move on the operand to +, so tmp = tmp + "foo" would become tmp = move(tmp) + "foo", and that would pretty much solve this problem. I'm not sure if such an implementation would be strictly conforming. Neither GCC, MSVC, nor LLVM currently does this. And as accumulate is defined in <numeric> one might assume it is only designed for use with numeric types.
