Coordinate of the closest point on a line

There is a polyline with a list of coordinates of the vertices = [(x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3),...] and a point(x,y). In Shapely, geometry1.distance(geometry2) returns the shortest distance between the two geometries.

>>> from shapely.geometry import LineString, Point
>>> line = LineString([(0,0),(5,7),(12,6)])         #geometry2
>>> list(line.coords)
[(0.0, 0.0), (5.0, 7.0), (12.0, 6.0)]
>>> p = Point(4,8)     #geometry1
>>> list(p.coords)
[(4.0, 8.0)]
>>> p.distance(line)
1.4142135623730951

But I also need to find the coordinate of the point on the line that is closest to the point(x,y). In the example above, this is the coordinate of the point on the LineString object that is 1.4142135623730951 unit distant from Point(4,8). The method distance() should have the coordinates when calculating the distance. Is there any way to get it returned from this method?

回答1:

The GIS term you are describing is linear referencing, and Shapely has these methods.

# Length along line that is closest to the point
print(line.project(p))

# Now combine with interpolated point on line
np = line.interpolate(line.project(p))
print(np)  # POINT (5 7)

回答2:

In case you have a single segment (e.g.: a line, as referring to the title) rather than a list of segments, here is what I did, and with a passing test case. Please consider that some users on this page are looking just for that from looking at the title, coming from a Google search.

Python code:

def sq_shortest_dist_to_point(self, other_point):
    dx = self.b.x - self.a.x
    dy = self.b.y - self.a.y
    dr2 = float(dx ** 2 + dy ** 2)

    lerp = ((other_point.x - self.a.x) * dx + (other_point.y - self.a.y) * dy) / dr2
    if lerp < 0:
        lerp = 0
    elif lerp > 1:
        lerp = 1

    x = lerp * dx + self.a.x
    y = lerp * dy + self.a.y

    _dx = x - other_point.x
    _dy = y - other_point.y
    square_dist = _dx ** 2 + _dy ** 2
    return square_dist

def shortest_dist_to_point(self, other_point):
    return math.sqrt(self.sq_shortest_dist_to_point(other_point))

A test case:

def test_distance_to_other_point(self):
    # Parametrize test with multiple cases:
    segments_and_point_and_answer = [
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(1.0, 3.0)), Point(2.0, 4.0), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(1.0, 3.0)), Point(2.0, 3.0), 1.0],
        [Segment(Point(0.0, 0.0), Point(0.0, 3.0)), Point(1.0, 1.0), 1.0],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(3.0, 3.0)), Point(2.0, 2.0), 0.0],
        [Segment(Point(-1.0, -1.0), Point(3.0, 3.0)), Point(2.0, 2.0), 0.0],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(1.0, 3.0)), Point(2.0, 3.0), 1.0],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(1.0, 3.0)), Point(2.0, 4.0), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(-3.0, -3.0)), Point(-3.0, -4.0), 1],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(-3.0, -3.0)), Point(-4.0, -3.0), 1],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(-3.0, -3.0)), Point(1, 2), 1],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(-3.0, -3.0)), Point(2, 1), 1],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(-3.0, -3.0)), Point(-3, -1), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(-3.0, -3.0)), Point(-1, -3), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(-1.0, -1.0), Point(3.0, 3.0)), Point(3, 1), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(-1.0, -1.0), Point(3.0, 3.0)), Point(1, 3), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(3.0, 3.0)), Point(3, 1), math.sqrt(2.0)],
        [Segment(Point(1.0, 1.0), Point(3.0, 3.0)), Point(1, 3), math.sqrt(2.0)]
    ]

    for i, (segment, point, answer) in enumerate(segments_and_point_and_answer):
        result = segment.shortest_dist_to_point(point)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(result, answer, delta=0.001, msg=str((i, segment, point, answer)))

Note: I assume this function is inside a Segment class. In case your line is infinite, don't limit the lerp from 0 to 1 only, but still at least provide two distinct a and b points.