At first glance in the code below the mLocationManager object should go out of scope after onCreate(...) is finished, and the expected behaviour is that onLocationChanged is never called or called a few times until the object is garbage collected. However the object returned by the getSystemService seems to be singleton which lives outside the scope of MainActivity (appropriately so since it is a system service :) )
After taking a heap dump and going through it with the Eclipse Memory Analyzer it seems that ContextImpl keeps a reference to a LocationManager instance. In the memory dump there were two references to a LocationManager object while in the code there is clearly only one, which means that another reference is created somewhere else.
My questions are:
Does someone have a complete description of what is exactly happening when calling the implementation of:
public abstract Object getSystemService(String name);
is the object returned a singleton lazily created and where exactly is the reference created/kept ?
package com.neusoft.bump.client.storage;
import android.location.Location;
import android.location.LocationListener;
import android.location.LocationManager;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Menu;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.v("TAG", "STARTED");
LocationManager mLocationManager = (LocationManager) this
.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
LocationListener locationListener = new LocationListener() {
public void onLocationChanged(Location location) {
Log.v("TAG", "onLocationChanged");
Log.v("TAG", "Latitude: " + location.getLatitude()
+ "Longitude: " + location.getLongitude());
}
public void onStatusChanged(String provider, int status,
Bundle extras) {}
public void onProviderEnabled(String provider) {}
public void onProviderDisabled(String provider) {}
};
// Register the listener with the Location Manager to receive location
// updates
mLocationManager.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER,
600, 0, locationListener);
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.activity_main, menu);
return true;
}
}
Update1
The LocationManager is created as singleton
private LocationManager getLocationManager() {
synchronized (sSync) {
if (sLocationManager == null) {
IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService(LOCATION_SERVICE);
ILocationManager service = ILocationManager.Stub.asInterface(b);
sLocationManager = new LocationManager(service);
}
}
return sLocationManager;
}
but I have trouble understanding what happens when calling ServiceManager.getService(LOCATION_SERVICE); even after reading the ServiceManager code.
See if my discussion makes sense...
dissection of android service internal
As suggested by one of the readers I am trying to copy some portion of the write-up here.
Have you ever wondered how an app gets an handle to the system services like POWER MANAGER or ACTIVITY MANAGER or LOCATION MANAGER and several others like these. To know that I dug into the source code of Android and found out how this is done internally.
So let me start from the application side’s java code.
At the application side we have to call the function getService and pass the ID of the system service (say POWER_SERVICE) to get an handle to the service.
Here is the code for getService defined in /frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/ServiceManager.java
/**
44 * Returns a reference to a service with the given name.
45 *
46 * @param name the name of the service to get
47 * @return a reference to the service, or <code>null</code> if the service doesn't exist
48 */
49 public static IBinder getService(String name) {
50 try {
51 IBinder service = sCache.get(name);
52 if (service != null) {
53 return service;
54 } else {
55 return getIServiceManager().getService(name);
56 }
57 } catch (RemoteException e) {
58 Log.e(TAG, "error in getService", e);
59 }
60 return null;
61 }
Suppose we don’t have the service in the cache. Hence we need to concentrate on line 55
return getIServiceManager().getService(name);
This call actually gets a handle to the service manager and asks it to return a reference of the service whose name we have passed as a parameter.
Now let us see how the getIServiceManager() function returns a handle to the ServiceManager.
Here is the code of getIserviceManager() from /frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/ServiceManager.java
private static IServiceManager getIServiceManager() {
34 if (sServiceManager != null) {
35 return sServiceManager;
36 }
37
38 // Find the service manager
39 sServiceManager = ServiceManagerNative.asInterface(BinderInternal.getContextObject());
40 return sServiceManager;
41 }
The ServicemanagerNative.asInterface() looks like the following:
/**
28 * Cast a Binder object into a service manager interface, generating
29 * a proxy if needed.
30 */
31 static public IServiceManager asInterface(IBinder obj)
32 {
33 if (obj == null) {
34 return null;
35 }
36 IServiceManager in =
37 (IServiceManager)obj.queryLocalInterface(descriptor);
38 if (in != null) {
39 return in;
40 }
41
42 return new ServiceManagerProxy(obj);
43 }
So basically we are getting a handle to the native servicemanager.
This asInterface function is actually buried inside the two macros DECLARE_META_INTERFACE(ServiceManager) and IMPLEMENT_META_INTERFACE(ServiceManager, "android.os.IServiceManager");
defined in IserviceManager.h and IServiceManager.cpp respectively.
Lets delve into the two macros defined in /frameworks/base/include/binder/IInterface.h
The DECLARE_META_INTERFACE(ServiceManager) macro is defined as
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
73
74#define DECLARE_META_INTERFACE(INTERFACE) \
75 static const android::String16 descriptor; \
76 static android::sp<I##INTERFACE> asInterface( \
77 const android::sp<android::IBinder>& obj); \
78 virtual const android::String16& getInterfaceDescriptor() const; \
79 I##INTERFACE(); \
80 virtual ~I##INTERFACE(); \
And the IMPLEMENT_META_INTERFACE(ServiceManager, "android.os.IServiceManager"); has been defined as follows:
#define IMPLEMENT_META_INTERFACE(INTERFACE, NAME) \
84 const android::String16 I##INTERFACE::descriptor(NAME); \
85 const android::String16& \
86 I##INTERFACE::getInterfaceDescriptor() const { \
87 return I##INTERFACE::descriptor; \
88 } \
89 android::sp<I##INTERFACE> I##INTERFACE::asInterface( \
90 const android::sp<android::IBinder>& obj) \
91 { \
92 android::sp<I##INTERFACE> intr; \
93 if (obj != NULL) { \
94 intr = static_cast<I##INTERFACE*>( \
95 obj->queryLocalInterface( \
96 I##INTERFACE::descriptor).get()); \
97 if (intr == NULL) { \
98 intr = new Bp##INTERFACE(obj); \
99 } \
100 } \
101 return intr; \
102 } \
103 I##INTERFACE::I##INTERFACE() { } \
104 I##INTERFACE::~I##INTERFACE() { }
So if we replace expand these two macros in IServiceManager.h & IServiceManager.cpp file with the appropriate replacement parameters they look like the following:
class IServiceManager : public IInterface
{
public:
static const android::String16 descriptor;
static android::sp<IServiceManager> asInterface( const android::sp<android::IBinder>& obj);
virtual const android::String16& getInterfaceDescriptor() const;
IServicemanager();
virtual ~IServiceManager();
…......
….....
…...
…..
And in
IServiceManager.cpp
const android::String16 IServiceManager::descriptor("android.os.IServiceManager”);
const android::String16&
IServiceManager::getInterfaceDescriptor() const {
return IServiceManager::descriptor;
}
android::sp<IServiceManager> IServiceManager::asInterface(
const android::sp<android::IBinder>& obj)
{
android::sp< IServiceManager> intr;
if (obj != NULL) {
intr = static_cast<IServiceManager*>(
obj->queryLocalInterface(
IServiceManager::descriptor).get());
if (intr == NULL) {
intr = new BpServiceManager(obj);
}
}
return intr;
}
IServiceManager::IServiceManager() { }
IServiceManager::~IIServiceManager { }
So if you see the line 12 which shows if the Service Manager is up and running (and it should because the service manager starts in the init process during Android boot up) it returns the reference to it through the queryLocalinterface function and it goes up all the way to the java interface.
public IBinder getService(String name) throws RemoteException {
116 Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
117 Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
118 data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager.descriptor);
119 data.writeString(name);
120 mRemote.transact(GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
121 IBinder binder = reply.readStrongBinder();
122 reply.recycle();
123 data.recycle();
124 return binder;
125 }
from ServiceManagerNative.java. In this function we pass the service that we are looking for.
And the onTransact function for GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION on the remote stub looks like the following:
public boolean onTransact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags)
51 {
52 try {
53 switch (code) {
54 case IServiceManager.GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION: {
55 data.enforceInterface(IServiceManager.descriptor);
56 String name = data.readString();
57 IBinder service = getService(name);
58 reply.writeStrongBinder(service);
59 return true;
60 }
61
62 case IServiceManager.CHECK_SERVICE_TRANSACTION: {
63 data.enforceInterface(IServiceManager.descriptor);
64 String name = data.readString();
65 IBinder service = checkService(name);
66 reply.writeStrongBinder(service);
67 return true;
68 }
69
//Rest has been discarded for brevity…………………..
………………….
………………….
…………………
It returns the reference to the needed service through the function getService.
The getService function from /frameworks/base/libs/binder/IServiceManager.cpp
looks like the following:
virtual sp<IBinder> getService(const String16& name) const
134 {
135 unsigned n;
136 for (n = 0; n < 5; n++){
137 sp<IBinder> svc = checkService(name);
138 if (svc != NULL) return svc;
139 LOGI("Waiting for service %s...\n", String8(name).string());
140 sleep(1);
141 }
142 return NULL;
143 }
So it actually checks if the Service is available and then returns a reference to it. Here I would like to add that when we return a reference to an IBinder object, unlike other data types it does not get copied in the client’s address space, but it's actually the same reference of the IBinder object which is shared to the client through a special technique called object mapping in the Binder driver.
To add more details to the discussion, let me go a little deeper into it.
The checkService function looks like the following:
virtual sp<IBinder> checkService( const String16& name) const
{
Parcel data, reply;
data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager::getInterfaceDescriptor());
data.writeString16(name);
remote()->transact(CHECK_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, &reply);
return reply.readStrongBinder();
}
So it actually calls a remote service and pass CHECK_SERVICE_TRANSACTION code (its an enum value of 2) to it.
This remote service is actually implemented in frameworks/base/cmds/servicemanager/service_manager.c
and its onTransact looks like the following.
switch(txn->code) {
case SVC_MGR_GET_SERVICE:
case SVC_MGR_CHECK_SERVICE:
s = bio_get_string16(msg, &len);
ptr = do_find_service(bs, s, len);
if (!ptr)
break;
bio_put_ref(reply, ptr);
return 0;
Hence we end up calling the function named do_find_service which gets a reference to the service and returns it back.
The do_find_service from the same file looks as follows:
void *do_find_service(struct binder_state *bs, uint16_t *s, unsigned len)
{
struct svcinfo *si;
si = find_svc(s, len);
// ALOGI("check_service('%s') ptr = %p\n", str8(s), si ? si->ptr : 0);
if (si && si->ptr) {
return si->ptr;
} else {
return 0;
}
find_svc looks as follows:
struct svcinfo *find_svc(uint16_t *s16, unsigned len)
{
struct svcinfo *si;
for (si = svclist; si; si = si->next) {
if ((len == si->len) &&
!memcmp(s16, si->name, len * sizeof(uint16_t))) {
return si;
}
}
return 0;
}
As it becomes clear that it traverses through the svclist and returns the the service we are looking for.
but I have trouble understanding what happens when calling ServiceManager.getService(LOCATION_SERVICE); even after reading the ServiceManager code.
Ok, so here's the source code of getService() in ServiceManager.java:
public static IBinder getService(String name) {
try {
IBinder service = sCache.get(name);
if (service != null) {
return service;
} else {
return getIServiceManager().getService(name);
}
} catch (RemoteException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "error in getService", e);
}
return null;
}
As we can see, if the requested service is not cached yet, this calls getIServiceManager().getService(name). getIServiceManager() is a method in the same class(we will het to getService(name) in the next step):
private static IServiceManager getIServiceManager() {
if (sServiceManager != null) {
return sServiceManager;
}
// Find the service manager
sServiceManager = ServiceManagerNative.asInterface(BinderInternal.getContextObject());
return sServiceManager;
}
So this basically sends us to ServiceManagerNative.java where we need to look for getService(name):
public IBinder getService(String name) throws RemoteException {
Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager.descriptor);
data.writeString(name);
mRemote.transact(GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
IBinder binder = reply.readStrongBinder();
reply.recycle();
data.recycle();
return binder;
}
Which initiates a transaction to retrieve a service that has a name "LOCATION_SERVICE".
It's getting harder to move from here due to a complex structure of classes and interfaces that deal with the low-level stuff, like system services. But basically it's all done in Context.java, ContextImpl.java, ServiceManager.java and ServiceManagerNative.java. Also note that some of them might keep local caches or maps with references to service instances(i.e. you can see a sCache.get(name) in the ServiceManager.java listing above), this is where extra references may be coming from.
I don't think you will get a more detailed answer here on StackOverflow, because it becomes very low-level. You might want to ask somewhere like on an Android OS mailing list that has google employees on it.
The Location Manager, as most of the system services/managers is created in an early stage during boot process.
app_process is the native component which starts the DalvikVM, additionally, it tells ZigoteInit (The class which does the actual work) to launch the SystemServer. It's here where the first instance of LocationManager is created and where the reference is kept on the ServerThread within it.
/frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/SystemServer.java
DevicePolicyManagerService devicePolicy = null;
StatusBarManagerService statusBar = null;
InputMethodManagerService imm = null;
AppWidgetService appWidget = null;
NotificationManagerService notification = null;
WallpaperManagerService wallpaper = null;
-> LocationManagerService location = null;
CountryDetectorService countryDetector = null;
TextServicesManagerService tsms = null;
LockSettingsService lockSettings = null;
DreamManagerService dreamy = null;
try {
Slog.i(TAG, "Location Manager");
location = new LocationManagerService(context);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE, location);
} catch (Throwable e) {
reportWtf("starting Location Manager", e);
}
The rest is already know to you, i think.
Method getSystemService
public abstract Object getSystemService(String name);
Is implemented in https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/android-5.0.2_r1/core/java/android/app/ContextImpl.java
@Override
public Object getSystemService(String name) {
ServiceFetcher fetcher = SYSTEM_SERVICE_MAP.get(name);
return fetcher == null ? null : fetcher.getService(this);
}
Where SYSTEM_SERVICE_MAP is:
private static final HashMap<String, ServiceFetcher> SYSTEM_SERVICE_MAP =
new HashMap<String, ServiceFetcher>();
and all services are registered in static block
static {
with call to registerService like this:
registerService(LOCATION_SERVICE, new ServiceFetcher() {
public Object createService(ContextImpl ctx) {
IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService(LOCATION_SERVICE);
return new LocationManager(ctx, ILocationManager.Stub.asInterface(b));
}});
or
registerService(INPUT_SERVICE, new StaticServiceFetcher() {
public Object createStaticService() {
return InputManager.getInstance();
}});
ServiceFetcher and StaticServiceFetcher implements lazy loading pattern.
