Standard input and output units in Fortran 90?

问题:

How can I read and write to the standard input, output and error streams stdin, stdout and stderr in Fortran? I've heard writing to stderr, for example, used to be write(5, fmt=...), with 5 the unit for stderr, and I know the way to write to stdout is to use write(*, fmt=...).

How do I read and write to the standard input and output units with the ifort compiler?

Compiler version:

Intel(R) Fortran Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64, Version 10.0 Build 20070426 Package ID: l_fc_p_10.0.023 Copyright (C) 1985-2007 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

回答1:

If you have a Fortran 2003 compiler, the intrinsic module iso_fortran_env defines the variables input_unit, output_unit and error_unit which point to standard in, standard out and standard error respectively.

I tend to use something like

#ifdef f2003
use, intrinsic :: iso_fortran_env, only : stdin=>input_unit, &
                                          stdout=>output_unit, &
                                          stderr=>error_unit
#else
#define stdin  5
#define stdout 6
#define stderr 0
#endif

in my input/output routines. Although this of course means preprocessing your source file (to do this with ifort, use the -fpp flag when compiling your source code or change the source file extension from .f to .F or from .f90 to .F90).

An alternative to this would be to write your own, non-intrinsic, iso_fortran_env module (if you don't have a Fortran 2003 compiler), as discussed here (this link has died since this answer was posted). In this example they use a module:

module iso_fortran_env

  ! Nonintrinsic version for Lahey/Fujitsu Fortran for Linux. 
  ! See Subclause 13.8.2 of the Fortran 2003 standard. 

  implicit NONE 
  public 

  integer, parameter :: Character_Storage_Size = 8 
  integer, parameter :: Error_Unit = 0 
  integer, parameter :: File_Storage_Size = 8 
  integer, parameter :: Input_Unit = 5 
  integer, parameter :: IOSTAT_END = -1 
  integer, parameter :: IOSTAT_EOR = -2 
  integer, parameter :: Numeric_Storage_Size = 32 
  integer, parameter :: Output_Unit = 6 

end module iso_fortran_env

As noted in other answers, 0, 5 and 6 are usually stderr, stdin and stdout (this is true for ifort on Linux) but this is not defined by the Fortran standard. Using the iso_fortran_env module is the correct way to portably write to these units.

回答2:

The Fortran standard doesn't specify which units numbers correspond to stdin/out/err. The usual convention, followed by e.g. gfortran, is that stderr=0, stdin=5, stdout=6.

If your compiler supports the F2003 ISO_FORTRAN_ENV intrinsic module, that module contains the constants INPUT_UNIT, OUTPUT_UNIT, and ERROR_UNIT allowing the programmer to portably retrieve the unit numbers for the preconnected units.

回答3:

It's actually 0 for stderr. 5 is stdin, 6 is stdout.

For example:

PROGRAM TEST
  WRITE(0,*) "Error"
  WRITE(6,*) "Good"
END PROGRAM TEST

Gives:

./a.out 
Error
Good

while

./a.out 2> /dev/null
Good

I would store a PARAMETER that is STDERR = 0 to make it portable, so if you hit a platform that is different you can just change the parameter.

This example was compiled and run with ifort 12.1.1.256, 11.1.069, 11.1.072 and 11.1.073.

回答4:

The standard way to write to stdout in Fortran is to put an asterisk instead of the unit number, i.e.,

WRITE(*,fmt) something

or to simply use

PRINT fmt,something

Similarly, the standard way to read from stdin is

READ(*,fmt) something

There is no standard way to write to stderr unless you use ERROR_UNIT from the ISO_FORTRAN_ENV module, which requires Fortran 2003 or later.

Unit numbers 0, 5 and 6 will certainly work in the ifort compiler (and also in some other Fortran compilers), but keep in mind they are compiler-dependent.