Dealloc method in iOS and setting objects to nil

问题:

I have a pretty basic question. In some examples I've seen, objects are just released in the dealloc method. In others, the objects are released and then set to nil. Is there a reason for this? Is setting to nil after releasing advantageous?

回答1:

Three ways to dealloc

1. Just release

- (void)dealloc {
    [airplane release];
    [super dealloc];
}

Now the object reference points to a random position, which may be one of two things:

1. Most likely it is garbage, because the memory position can't be interpreted as an object.
2. Rarely it will be a different object, because memory have been reused to create a new object.

The effect of a further method calls through this pointer is one of these three (which one is undefined):

• A crash with EXC_BAD_ACCESS because the pointer points to garbage.
• A crash with undefined selector because it points to a valid object which doesn't have that method.
• A successful method execution because the new object has a method by the same name.

2. Release and nil

- (void)dealloc {
    [airplane release], airplane = nil;
    [super dealloc];
}

Now the object reference is nil and any further method calls are ignored. This may silently cause a defined but unforeseen lateral effect in your code, but at least it doesn't crash your application.

3. Nil and release

- (void)dealloc {
    id temp = airplane;
    airplane = nil;
    [temp release];
    [super dealloc];
}

This is the same as before, but it removes that small window between release and nil where the object reference points to an invalid object.

Which one is best?

It is a matter of choice:

• If you rather crash choose just release.
• If you rather ignore the mistake choose nil+release or release+nil.
• If you are using NSZombieEnabled=TRUE then just release, don't nil the zombie!

Macros and zombies

A easy way to defer your choice is using a macro. Instead [airplane release] you write safeRelease(x) where safeRelease is the following macro that you add to your .pch target file:

#ifdef DEBUG
  #define safeRelease(x) [x release]
#else
  #define safeRelease(x) [x release], x=nil
#endif

This macro doesn't respect zombies. Here is the problem: when NSZombieEnabled is TRUE the object turns into a NSZombie. If you nil its object reference, any call sent to him will be ignored.

To fix that, here is a macro from Kevin Ballard that sets the pointer to an invalid made up reference ONLY when NSZombieEnabled is FALSE. This guarantees a crash during debug time if zombies are not enabled, but leaves the zombies be otherwise.

#if DEBUG
  #define safeRelease(x) do { [x release]; if (!getenv("NSZombieEnabled")) x = (id)0xDEADBEEF; } while (0)
#else
  #define safeRelease(x) [x release], x = nil
#endif

References

Apple doesn't have a recommendation on which one is best. If you want to read the thoughts of the community here are some links (the comment threads are great too):

• Dealloc Jeff Lamarche
• Don’t Coddle Your Code Daniel Jalkut
• More on dealloc Jeff Lamarche
• To nil, or not to nil, that is the question Ching-Lan Huang
• Defensive Coding in Objective-C Uli Kusterer

回答2:

This snippet covers all the bases and is ready to cut and paste into a .pch file.

// SAFE_RELEASE
//      Releases an object, then does other things based on context.
//
//      The intention is to fail early during internal testing but prevent
//          customers from experiencing crashes if at all possible.
//
// For more information see:
//      http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6778793/dealloc-method-in-ios-and-setting-objects-to-nil
//
// Debug build:
//      If zombies are enabled, the macro just calls |release|. The zombie
//          mechanism will continue to be used to find messages sent to
//          the deallocated object.
//      Otherwise, zombies are not enabled, so the macro sets the object to a
//          invalid memory address. (0xDEADBEEF.) This will intentionally
//          cause a crash if the object is used, allowing the bug to be found
//          and fixed immediately.
//
// Release build:
//      The macro calls |release| normally. Then it sets the object to nil to
//          prevent a possible crash caused by sending a message to a
//          deallocated object. Messages sent to nil are always allowed.
//
#if DEBUG
#define SAFE_RELEASE(x) \
    do { \
        [x release]; \
        if (!getenv("NSZombieEnabled")) \
            x = (id)0xDEADBEEF; \
    } while (0)
#else
#define SAFE_RELEASE(x) \
    [x release], x = nil
#endif

The code is functionally equivalent to Jano's second version of safeRelease, but adds documentation and compliance with Google's coding standards.

回答3:

If there's a dealloc call in more than one place, setting the object variable to nil makes sure it won't be deallocated more than once by mistake. Same logic if the function with the dealloc is called from more than one place, or can be called arbitrarily by external code (i. e. other classes).

In real life, this typically happens when the enclosing object is "reusable" - supports multiple rounds of content initialization/teardown. The nil-ness of object pointers then becomes a valuable component of object state - it means that the object is "empty" right now.

Sorry for the generalities.

回答4:

- (void)dealloc
{
     [searchPlace release];
     [super dealloc];
}
- (void)viewDidUnload
{
     [super viewDidUnload];
     self.searchPlace = nil;
}

Is this like what you say?