Why does running out of memory depend on intermedi

问题:

A memory intensive program that I wrote ran out of memory: threw an OutOfMemory exception. During attempts to reduce memory usage, I started calling GC.GetTotalMemory(true) (to write the total memory usage to debug file), which triggers a garbage collect.

For some reason, when calling this function I don't get an out of memory exception anymore. If I remove the calls again (keeping everything else the same), the exception gets thrown again. In my understanding, calls are automatically made to collect garbage when memory pressure increases, so I don't understand this behavior.

Can anyone explain why the out of memory exception is only thrown when there are no calls to GC.collect?

Update:

I'm using VS 2010, but I'm downtargeting the application to framework 3.5. I believe that defragmentation is indeed causing my problems.

I did some tests: When the exception is thrown, a call to GC.gettotalmemory tells me I am using ~800 * 10^6 bytes. However, task manager tells me the application is using 1700 mb. A rather large discrepancy. I'm now planning to allocate memory only once, and to never deallocate any large arrays but reusing them. Luckily, my program allows me to accomplish this without too much fuss.

回答1:

I solved the problem by doing some smarter memory management. In particular by using a CustomList according to the suggestions on http://www.simple-talk.com/dotnet/.net-framework/the-dangers-of-the-large-object-heap/

回答2:

Is your app running at full CPU? I'm pretty sure automatic garbage collection only occurs when the application is idle. Otherwise, you have to run a manual cycle.

回答3:

I'm fairly sure that running out of memory does not force a garbage collection. That probably sounds incredibly unintuitive to you but I think this was done for a good reason. It prevents the program from entering a death-spiral where it constantly tries to find more space and getting all objects firmly lodged into gen #2. From which it is very hard to recover again.

The true argument you pass to GetTotalMemory() forces a full garbage collection. I would guess that this happens to free up enough space in the Large Object Heap to satisfy the memory allocation. This will of course work only once. If your program just keeps running, gobbling up memory beyond the 1.5 gigabytes or so that it has already consumed then OOM is just around the corner again. This time without any way to recover. Surviving an OOM requires drastic measures.

You'll need a good memory profiler to find out what's really going on. Unmanaged C++ in your project is always a fertile source of memory leaks. The unmanaged kind, always hard to trouble-shoot.

回答4:

GC.Collect is merely a "suggestion" to free unused memory - it does not guarantee its release.

[Edit] It appears that, while once true when I was learning the JVM years ago, this may not be the case in .NET anymore. The MSDN Library says that GC.Collect "Forces an immediate garbage collection of all generations." Good stuff (for me, anyway) about this here.

回答5:

If you have unmanaged resources that occupy a lot of memory, the garbage collector won't really recognize that memory pressure. If you clean up those resources in finalizers, then forcing a collection will result in those unmanaged resources being freed, while if you don't force a collection, the garbage collector might not realize that it needs to be collecting.

If you are performing large unmanaged allocations, you can use GC.AddMemoryPressure to tell the GC that, so it can take it into account when deciding whether to run a collection or not.

回答6:

I was browsing around the Microsoft Connect site and I am seeing bug reports where people are making the same claim you are. The claim being that an OutOfMemoryException is occuring which can be resolved by periodically calling GC.Collect. I saw one report where the lead engineer from the garbage collector team responded back and said a bug was fixed in .NET 4.0 that should resolve a fragmentation issue with the large object heap. That is why I asked what version you were using.

It is certainly possible that you have stumbled upon a bug in the garbage collector. As with all GC related issues this could be very version dependent.

My advice would be to:

• make sure you have the latest patches and service pack
• refactor the code so that it is not as memory intensive
• reuse LOH objects as much as possible instead of creating new ones
• continue using GC.Collect at strategic points if necessary as a workaround