Python type hints and context managers

问题:

How should a context manager be annotated with Python type hints?

import typing

@contextlib.contextmanager
def foo() -> ???:
    yield

The documentation on contextlib doesn't mention types much.

The documentation on typing.ContextManager is not all that helpful either.

There's also typing.Generator, which at least has an example. Does that mean I should use typing.Generator[None, None, None] and not typing.ContextManager?

import typing

@contextlib.contextmanager
def foo() -> typing.Generator[None, None, None]:
    yield

回答1:

Whenever I'm not 100% sure what types a function accepts, I like to consult typeshed, which is the canonical repository of type hints for Python. Mypy directly bundles and uses typeshed to help it perform its typechecking, for example.

We can find the stubs for contextlib here: https://github.com/python/typeshed/blob/master/stdlib/2and3/contextlib.pyi

if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
    class GeneratorContextManager(ContextManager[_T], Generic[_T]):
        def __call__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]) -> Callable[..., _T]: ...
    def contextmanager(func: Callable[..., Iterator[_T]]) -> Callable[..., GeneratorContextManager[_T]]: ...
else:
    def contextmanager(func: Callable[..., Iterator[_T]]) -> Callable[..., ContextManager[_T]]: ...

It's a little overwhelming, but the line we care about is this one:

def contextmanager(func: Callable[..., Iterator[_T]]) -> Callable[..., ContextManager[_T]]: ...

It states that the decorator takes in a Callable[..., Iterator[_T]] -- a function with arbitrary arguments returning some iterator. So in conclusion, it would be fine to do:

@contextlib.contextmanager
def foo() -> Iterator[None]:
    yield

So, why does using Generator[None, None, None] also work, as suggested by the comments?

It's because Generator is a subtype of Iterator -- we can again check this for ourselves by consulting typeshed. So, if our function returns a generator, it's still compatible with what contextmanager expects so mypy accepts it without an issue.

回答2:

The Iterator[] version doesn't work when you want to return the contextmanager's reference. For instance, the following code:

from typing import Iterator

def assert_faster_than(seconds: float) -> Iterator[None]:
    return assert_timing(high=seconds)

@contextmanager
def assert_timing(low: float = 0, high: float = None) -> Iterator[None]:
    ...

Will produce an error on the return assert_timing(high=seconds) line:

Incompatible return value type (got "_GeneratorContextManager[None]", expected "Iterator[None]")

Any legit usage of the function:

with assert_faster_than(1):
    be_quick()

Will result in something like this:

"Iterator[None]" has no attribute "__enter__"; maybe "__iter__"?
"Iterator[None]" has no attribute "__exit__"; maybe "__next__"?
"Iterator[None]" has no attribute "__enter__"; maybe "__iter__"?
"Iterator[None]" has no attribute "__exit__"; maybe "__next__"?

You could fix it like this...

def assert_faster_than(...) -> Iterator[None]:
    with assert_timing(...):
        yield

But I am going to use the new ContextManager[] object instead and silence out mypy for the decorator:

from typing import ContextManager

def assert_faster_than(seconds: float) -> ContextManager[None]:
    return assert_timing(high=seconds)

@contextmanager  # type: ignore
def assert_timing(low: float = 0, high: float = None) -> ContextManager[None]:
    ...

回答3:

With my PyCharm, I do the following to make its type hinting work:

from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import ContextManager

@contextmanager
def session() -> ContextManager[Session]:
    yield Session(...)

回答4:

The return type of the function wrapped by a context manager is Iterator[None].

from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import Iterator

@contextmanager
def foo() -> Iterator[None]:
    yield