I know how to generate a random number between 0 and 1 using the NextDouble method of the pseudo-random number generator.
var rng1 = new System.Random();
var random1 = rng1.NextDouble(); // generates a random double between 0 and 1.0
And I know how to fill a random byte array using the cryptographically secure random number generator.
Byte[] bytes = new Byte[8];
var rng2 = new System.Security.Cryptography.RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
rng2.GetBytes(bytes); // generates 8 random bytes
But how can I convert the byte-array output of RNGCryptoServiceProvider into a random number uniformly distributed between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive)?
It appears to me that the solutions so far will have uneven distribution due to taking the inverse. For an even distribution I'd think you want something like this.
// Step 1: fill an array with 8 random bytes
var rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
var bytes = new Byte[8];
rng.GetBytes(bytes);
// Step 2: bit-shift 11 and 53 based on double's mantissa bits
var ul = BitConverter.ToUInt64(bytes, 0) / (1 << 11);
Double d = ul / (Double)(1UL << 53);
Note that you can't just divide the UInt64 into UInt64.MaxValue, because a double doesn't have enough bits, and there's no way to get unique outputs for all your inputs. So you can/must throw some bits away.
Well, I would not call a 64-bit random number "cryptographically secure" - you'd want a lot more bits than that to be "cryptographically secure". But anyway, you could do something like this:
var bytes = // assume this contains 8 bytes of random numbers
long l = BitConverter.ToInt64(bytes);
double d = Math.Abs(1 / (double)l);
