How can I make a map using GeoJSON data in Altair?

问题:

I'm very new to mapping, and to Altair/Vega. There's an example in the Altair documentation for how to make a map starting with an outline of US states, which is created basically with:

states = alt.topo_feature(data.us_10m.url, feature='states')

# US states background
background = alt.Chart(states).mark_geoshape(
    fill='lightgray',
    stroke='white'
)

but I want to plot points in the British Isles, instead. Since there are only US and World maps in the vega data collections, I would have to create my own GeoJSON, no?

So I tried getting GeoJSON for the British Isles from a world map, by running some of the command-line commands from this blog post, namely,

ogr2ogr -f GeoJSON -where "adm0_a3 IN ('GBR','IRL','IMN','GGY','JEY','GBA')" subunits.json ne_10m_admin_0_map_subunits/ne_10m_admin_0_map_subunits.shp

This seems to have created a GeoJSON file, subunits.json, which probably represents the British Isles. But how can I get this into Altair? Or is there another way to make a map of the British Isles using Altair?

回答1:

The example you refer to is using topojson structured data, while you have geojson structured data. So you probably need:

# remote geojson data object
url_geojson = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mattijn/datasets/master/two_polygons.geo.json'
data_geojson_remote = alt.Data(url=url_geojson, format=alt.DataFormat(property='features',type='json'))

# chart object
alt.Chart(data_geojson_remote).mark_geoshape(
).encode(
    color="properties.name:N"
).properties(
    projection={'type': 'identity', 'reflectY': True}
)

For more insight read on

---

Explaining the differences between geojson and topojson structured json files and their usage within Altair

import geojson
import topojson
import pprint
import altair as alt

Inline GeoJSON

We start with creating a collection containing two features, namely two adjacent polygons.

Example of the two polygons that we will create in the GeoJSON data format.:

feature_1 = geojson.Feature(
    geometry=geojson.Polygon([[[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1], [0, 1], [0, 0]]]),
    properties={"name":"abc"}
)
feature_2 = geojson.Feature(
    geometry=geojson.Polygon([[[1, 0], [2, 0], [2, 1], [1, 1], [1, 0]]]),
    properties={"name":"def"}
)
var_geojson = geojson.FeatureCollection([feature_1, feature_2])

Inspect the created GeoJSON by pretty print the variable var_geojson

pprint.pprint(var_geojson)

{'features': [{'geometry': {'coordinates': [[[0, 0],
                                             [1, 0],
                                             [1, 1],
                                             [0, 1],
                                             [0, 0]]],
                            'type': 'Polygon'},
               'properties': {'name': 'abc'},
               'type': 'Feature'},
              {'geometry': {'coordinates': [[[1, 0],
                                             [2, 0],
                                             [2, 1],
                                             [1, 1],
                                             [1, 0]]],
                            'type': 'Polygon'},
               'properties': {'name': 'def'},
               'type': 'Feature'}],
 'type': 'FeatureCollection'}

As can be seen, the two Polygon Features are nested within the features object and the geometry is part of each feature.

Altair has the capability to parse nested json objects using the property key within format. The following is an example of such:

# inline geojson data object
data_geojson = alt.InlineData(values=var_geojson, format=alt.DataFormat(property='features',type='json')) 

# chart object
alt.Chart(data_geojson).mark_geoshape(
).encode(
    color="properties.name:N"
).properties(
    projection={'type': 'identity', 'reflectY': True}
)

Inline TopoJSON

TopoJSON is an extension of GeoJSON, where the geometry of the features are referred to from a top-level object named arcs. This makes it possible to apply a hash function on the geometry, so each shared arc should only be stored once.

We can convert the var_geojson variable into a topojson file format structure:

var_topojson = topojson.Topology(var_geojson, prequantize=False).to_json()
var_topojson

{'arcs': [[[1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0]],
          [[1.0, 0.0], [2.0, 0.0], [2.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0]],
          [[1.0, 1.0], [1.0, 0.0]]],
 'objects': {'data': {'geometries': [{'arcs': [[-3, 0]],
                                      'properties': {'name': 'abc'},
                                      'type': 'Polygon'},
                                     {'arcs': [[1, 2]],
                                      'properties': {'name': 'def'},
                                      'type': 'Polygon'}],
                      'type': 'GeometryCollection'}},
 'type': 'Topology'}

Now the nested geometry objects are replaced by arcs and refer by index to the top-level arcs object. Instead of having a single FeatureCollection we now can have multiple objects, where our converted FeatureCollection is stored within the key data as a GeometryCollection.

NOTE: the key-name data is arbitrary and differs in each dataset.

Altair has the capability to parse the nested data object in the topojson formatted structure using the feature key within format, while declaring it is a topojson type. The following is an example of such:

# inline topojson data object
data_topojson = alt.InlineData(values=var_topojson, format=alt.DataFormat(feature='data',type='topojson')) 

# chart object
alt.Chart(data_topojson).mark_geoshape(
).encode(
    color="properties.name:N"
).properties(
    projection={'type': 'identity', 'reflectY': True}
)

TopoJSON from URL

There also exist a shorthand to extract the objects from a topojson file if this file is accessible by URL:

alt.topo_feature(url, feature)

Altair example where a topojson file is referred by URL

# remote topojson data object
url_topojson = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mattijn/datasets/master/two_polygons.topo.json'
data_topojson_remote = alt.topo_feature(url=url_topojson, feature='data')

# chart object
alt.Chart(data_topojson_remote).mark_geoshape(
).encode(
    color="properties.name:N"
).properties(
    projection={'type': 'identity', 'reflectY': True}
)

GeoJSON from URL

But for geojson files accessible by URL there is no such shorthand and should be linked as follows:

alt.Data(url, format)

Altair example where a geojson file is referred by URL

# remote geojson data object
url_geojson = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mattijn/datasets/master/two_polygons.geo.json'
data_geojson_remote = alt.Data(url=url_geojson, format=alt.DataFormat(property='features',type='json'))

# chart object
alt.Chart(data_geojson_remote).mark_geoshape(
).encode(
    color="properties.name:N"
).properties(
    projection={'type': 'identity', 'reflectY': True}
)

回答2:

In this example, data.us_10m.url is a string variable, where the string specifies the URL to a geojson file containing US state boundaries in the state feature. If you have a different geojson file you would like to use, you can substitute its URL in that example.