Python: replacing a function within a class of a m

问题:

I'm trying to replace a function defined within a class in order to modify its function (as in inner workings) without changing the actual code. I've never done this before, hence, having some problems while replacing it. Changing the code will have me accessing the package within my python library which is not much of an option.

For example if the module was called testMOD

class testMOD(object):
      def testFunc(self, variable):
          var = variable
          self.something = var + 12

Then I would import testMOD, define a class (mytest = testMOD()), and access the defined function within the class, testFunc, and change it to already defined function.

For instance,

from somemodule import testMOD
mytest = testMOD()

def alternativeFunc(self, variable):
    var = variable
    self.something = var + 1.2

#problem here
mytest.testFunc = alternativeFunc

As you can see, if I just manually overwrite(?) the function in the class with my defined function it won't work properly. It doesn't give any syntax errors, however, the problem is that the replaced function thinks that the 'self' is another variable for the function and says that it requires another argument for the 'variable' variable (I guess that wasn't a good name).

What I want to do is to make the replacing function to be exactly the same thing as the replaced function, but with additional code or some minor modifications. However, the 'self' is pretty much not working as it should be in a class. Would there be a way to properly implement a defined function to replace a function of an imported class?

回答1:

I suggest 4 solutions, from the worst to the best (IMHO), but of course it also depends on your specific constraints:

1. Replace the instance method (1): I use the fact that functions are descriptors in Python, so that I can use the __get__ method on AlternativeFunc to get it as a method of the instance mytest and overwrite the testFunc method of the instance mytest (without overwriting the class method):

   class testMOD(object):
       def testFunc(self, variable):
           var = variable
           self.something = var + 12
           print('Original:', self.something)
   
   def alternativeFunc1(self, variable):
       var = variable
       self.something = var + 1.2
       print('Alternative1:', self.something)
   
   mytest1 = testMOD()
   mytest1.testFunc(10)   # Original: 22
   
   mytest1.testFunc = alternativeFunc1.__get__(mytest1, testMOD)
   mytest1.testFunc(10)   # Alternative1: 11.2
   mytestX = testMOD()
   mytestX.testFunc(10)   # Original: 22
   

2. Replace the instance method (2): This time, I use types.MethodType which is a bit more readable than the first solution:

   import types
   
   class testMOD(object):
       def testFunc(self, variable):
           var = variable
           self.something = var + 12
           print('Original:', self.something)
   
   def alternativeFunc1(self, variable):
       var = variable
       self.something = var + 1.2
       print('Alternative1:', self.something)
   
   mytest1 = testMOD()
   mytest1.testFunc(10)   # Original: 22
   
   funcType = types.MethodType
   mytest1.testFunc = funcType(alternativeFunc1, mytest1)
   mytest1.testFunc(10)   # Alternative1: 11.2
   mytestX = testMOD()
   mytestX.testFunc(10)   # Original: 22
   

3. Perform a monkey patching of the class method. Differently from the first method, it changes the behavior of any instance of the class:

   class testMOD(object):
       def testFunc(self, variable):
           var = variable
           self.something = var + 12
           print('Original:', self.something)
   
   def alternativeFunc2(self, variable):
       var = variable
       self.something = var + 1.2
       print('Alternative2:', self.something)
   
   mytest2 = testMOD()
   mytest2.testFunc(10)   # Original: 22
   
   testMOD.testFunc = alternativeFunc2
   mytest2.testFunc(10)   # Alternative2: 11.2
   mytestX = testMOD()
   mytestX.testFunc(10)   # Alternative2: 11.2
   

4. Create a class inherited from testMOD to override the method:

   class testMODNew(testMOD):
        def testFunc(self, variable):
            var = variable
            self.something = var + 1.2
            print('Alternative3:', self.something)
   
   mytest3 = testMODNew()
   mytest3.testFunc(10) # Alternative3: 11.2
   

回答2:

You can monkey patch this method as follows:

class TestMOD(object):

    def testFunc(self, variable):
        var = variable
        self.something = var + 12
        print(f'original {self.something}')


def alternativeFunc(self, variable):
    var = variable
    self.something = var + 1.2
    print(f'alternative {self.something}')


if __name__ == '__main__':

    test_original = TestMOD()
    test_original.testFunc(12)

    TestMOD.testFunc = alternativeFunc

    test_alternate = TestMOD()
    test_alternate.testFunc(12)

output:

original 24
alternative 13.2

回答3:

check class inheritance in python, to create your own custom class:

from somemodule import TestMOD

class YourCustomClass(TestMOD):

    # change the function
    def test_func(self, variable):
        #
        #

your_class = YourCustomClass()
your_class.test_func(x)