VBA: is there something like Abstract Class?

问题:

I'm using an interface to ensure some similar classes implements some mandatory methods (subs/functions).

Example:

• interface I1 declares M1 and M2 methods
• C1 and C2 implement I1, and have their own versions for M1 and M2.

C1 and C2 also need methods that are exactly the same, for example methods SM1 and SM2.

To avoid repeating SM1 and SM2 I'd like to define an abstract class AC:

• implementing I1
• defining SM1 and SM2.

which would be extended by C1 and C2

This solution is indeed possible in Java, but I don't find any documentation for doing the same in VBA. (VB.Net seems to allow abstract classes using keyword MustInherit.)

Any confirmation it is possible or not in VBA?

回答1:

There is no inheritance in VBA.

You can define an interface and you can implement it in a class by using the Implements keyword. But if you want shared functionality pre-implemented by a base class, you have to use the copy-paste approach.

Related reading:
How to use the Implements in Excel VBA
How to use comparison methods between class object modules in VBA in a similar manner as VB.NET?

回答2:

You could implement semi-decorator :-) pattern in VBA. Lets say we have a base class and two child classes. If you use Implements keyword in child classes you will garatee that child classes has the same interface as the base class and at the same time declare a private instance of base class in each child class and redirect calls from children to base class.

Note: base class here is normal class, you can still create instances of it (so it is not real abstract class).

Example:

' Standard module

Sub main()
    Dim a As New ChildA
    Dim b As New ChildB

    a.State = 2
    b.State = 5

    Debug.Print TypeOf a Is Base
    Debug.Print TypeOf b Is Base

    TestPolymorphic a
    TestPolymorphic b
End Sub

Private Sub TestPolymorphic(ByRef obj As Base)
    obj.Polymorphic
End Sub

' -----------------------------------------------

' Base class module

Private m_state As Byte

Public Event StateChanged(oldState As Byte, newState As Byte)

Public Property Get State() As Byte
    State = m_state
End Property

Public Property Let State(ByVal newState As Byte)
    Dim oldState As Byte
    oldState = m_state
    m_state = newState
    RaiseEvent StateChanged(oldState, newState)
End Property

Sub Polymorphic()
    Err.Raise 123, , "Implement in child class"
End Sub

Private Sub Class_Initialize()
    m_state = 1
End Sub

' -----------------------------------------------

' ChildA class module

Implements Base
Private WithEvents m_base As Base

Private Sub Class_Initialize()
    Set m_base = New Base
End Sub

Public Property Get State() As Byte
    State = Base_State
End Property

Public Property Let State(ByVal newState As Byte)
    Base_State = newState
End Property

Public Sub Polymorphic()
    Base_Polymorphic
End Sub

Private Property Get Base_State() As Byte
    Base_State = m_base.State
End Property

Private Property Let Base_State(ByVal newState As Byte)
    m_base.State = newState
End Property

Private Sub Base_Polymorphic()
    Debug.Print "In Child A ..."
End Sub

Private Sub m_base_StateChanged(oldState As Byte, newState As Byte)
    Debug.Print "State of 'Child A' instance has changed from " & oldState & " to " & newState
End Sub

Output:
' State of 'Child A' instance has changed from 1 to 2
' State of 'Child B' instance has changed from 1 to 5
' True
' True
' In Child A ...
' In Child B ...

回答3:

My solution for abstract class in vba: View

'------------------------- 
' Standard module

Sub Main()

    Dim objC1 As C1
    Dim objC2 As C2
    Dim objCollection As New Collection

    Set objC1 = New C1
    Set objC2 = New C2

    With objC1
        .getInterface.M1 "Hello C1!"
        temp1 = .getInterface.M2(objCollection)

        .getSuperClass.SM1 "Hi C1!!!"
        temp3 = .getSuperClass.SM2(objCollection)

    End With

    Debug.Print vbCrLf

    With objC2
        .getInterface.M1 "Hello C2!"
        temp1 = .getInterface.M2(objCollection)

        .getSuperClass.SM1 "Hi C2!!!"
        temp3 = .getSuperClass.SM2(objCollection)

    End With

End Sub


' -----------------------------------------------

' IAbstracat class module

Sub SM1(strString As String): End Sub
Function SM2(varItem As Variant) As String: End Function


' -----------------------------------------------

' Abstracat class module

Implements IAbstract

'Each class must implement these methods, in a particular way
Sub M1(strString As String): End Sub
Function M2(varItem As Variant) As String: End Function


'The sub classes will extend SM1 and SM2
Private Sub IAbstract_SM1(strString As String)
    Debug.Print "Sub IAbstract_SM1: " & strString
End Sub


'The sub classes will extend SM1 and SM2
 Private Function IAbstract_SM2(varItem As Variant) As String

    Dim strMyString As String

    strMyString = "Function IAbstract_SM2 => ObjPtr(varItem): " & ObjPtr(varItem)
    Debug.Print strMyString

    IAbstract_SM2 = strMyString

End Function


' -----------------------------------------------

' C1 class module

Implements Abstract

Private Type TC1
    objConcretSuperClass As Abstract
    objInterfaceSuperClass As IAbstract
    objInterfaceSubClass As Abstract
End Type

Private this As TC1


'if you do not need to initialize anything, then this is it:
Private Sub Class_Initialize()

    With this

        'creating an instance of class' Abstract'
        Set .objConcretSuperClass = New Abstract


        'Referencing the' Abstract 'interface, where are the extended methods
        Set .objInterfaceSuperClass = .objConcretSuperClass


        'Creating a refence for the C1 interface, which is the class' Abstract'
        'Here we have the particular implementations of M1 and M2
        Set .objInterfaceSubClass = Me

    End With

End Sub



'With this we can do:
'   set objC1 = New C1
'   objC1.getInterface.Abstract_M1
'   objC1.getInterface.Abstract_M2
Property Get getInterface() As Abstract
    Set getInterface = this.objInterfaceSubClass
End Property



'With this we can call the methods defined in' Abstract ': SM1 and SM2
'   set objC1 = New C1
'   objC1.getSuperClass.SM1 "hello!"
'   temp = objC1.getSuperClass.SM2 (New Collection)
Property Get getSuperClass() As IAbstract
    Set getSuperClass = this.objInterfaceSuperClass
End Property

'Here we have the particular implementations of M1 and M2
Private Sub Abstract_M1(strString As String)
    Debug.Print "Class C1 => Sub Abstract_M1: " & strString
End Sub

Private Function Abstract_M2(varItem As Variant) As String
    Debug.Print "Class C1 => Function Abstract_M2: " & ObjPtr(varItem)
End Function


' -----------------------------------------------

' C2 class module

Implements Abstract

Private Type TC2
    objConcretSuperClass As Abstract
    objInterfaceSuperClass As IAbstract
    objInterfaceSubClass As Abstract
End Type

Private this As TC2

'if you do not need to initialize anything, then this is it:
Private Sub Class_Initialize()

    With this

        'creating an instance of class' Abstract'
        Set .objConcretSuperClass = New Abstract

        'Referencing the' Abstract 'interface, where are the extended methods
        Set .objInterfaceSuperClass = .objConcretSuperClass

        'Creating a refence for the C1 interface, which is the class' Abstract'
        'Here we have the particular implementations of M1 and M2
        Set .objInterfaceSubClass = Me

    End With

End Sub



'With this we can do:
'   set objC2 = New C2
'   objC2.getInterface.Abstract_M1
'   objC2.getInterface.Abstract_M2
Property Get getInterface() As Abstract
    Set getInterface = this.objInterfaceSubClass
End Property

'With this we can call the methods defined in' Abstract ': SM1 and SM2
'   set objC1 = New C1
'   objC1.getSuperClass.SM1 "hello!"
'   temp = objC1.getSuperClass.SM2 (New Collection)
Property Get getSuperClass() As IAbstract
    Set getSuperClass = this.objInterfaceSuperClass
End Property

'Here we have the particular implementations of M1 and M2
Private Sub Abstract_M1(strString As String)
    Debug.Print "Class C2 => Sub Abstract_M1: " & strString
End Sub

Private Function Abstract_M2(varItem As Variant) As String
    Debug.Print "Class C2 => Function Abstract_M2: " & ObjPtr(varItem)
End Function

Immediate Check Window (CTRL + G):

Class C1 => Sub Abstract_M1: Hello C1!
Class C1 => Function Abstract_M2: 550324728
Sub IAbstract_SM1: Hi C1!!!
Function IAbstract_SM2 => ObjPtr(varItem): 550324728

Class C2 => Sub Abstract_M1: Hello C2!
Class C2 => Function Abstract_M2: 550324728
Sub IAbstract_SM1: Hi C2!!!
Function IAbstract_SM2 => ObjPtr(varItem): 550324728