What is sequence file in hadoop?

问题:

I am new to Map-reduce and I want to understand what is sequence file data input? I studied in the Hadoop book but it was hard for me to understand.

回答1:

First we should understand what problems does the SequenceFile try to solve, and then how can SequenceFile help to solve the problems.

In HDFS

• SequenceFile is one of the solutions to small file problem in Hadoop.
• Small file is significantly smaller than the HDFS block size(128MB).
• Each file, directory, block in HDFS is represented as object and occupies 150 bytes.
• 10 million files, would use about 3 gigabytes of memory of NameNode.
• A billion files is not feasible.

In MapReduce

• Map tasks usually process a block of input at a time (using the default FileInputFormat).

• The more the number of files is, the more number of Map task need and the job time can be much more slower.

Small file scenarios

• The files are pieces of a larger logical file.
• The files are inherently small, for example, images.

These two cases require different solutions.

• For first one, write a program to concatenate the small files together.(see Nathan Marz’s post about a tool called the Consolidator which does exactly this)
• For the second one, some kind of container is needed to group the files in some way.

Solutions in Hadoop

HAR files

• HAR(Hadoop Archives) were introduced to alleviate the problem of lots of files putting pressure on the namenode’s memory.
• HARs are probably best used purely for archival purposes.

SequenceFile

• The concept of SequenceFile is to put each small file to a larger single file.

• For example, suppose there are 10,000 100KB files, then we can write a program to put them into a single SequenceFile like below, where you can use filename to be the key and content to be the value.

  
  _{(source: csdn.net)}

• Some benefits:

  1. A smaller number of memory needed on NameNode. Continue with the 10,000 100KB files example,
     • Before using SequenceFile, 10,000 objects occupy about 4.5MB of RAM in NameNode.
     • After using SequenceFile, 1GB SequenceFile with 8 HDFS blocks, these objects occupy about 3.6KB of RAM in NameNode.
  2. SequenceFile is splittable, so is suitable for MapReduce.
  3. SequenceFile is compression supported.

• Supported Compressions, the file structure depends on the compression type.

  1. Uncompressed

  2. Record-Compressed: Compresses each record as it’s added to the file.
     _{(source: csdn.net)}

  3. Block-Compressed
     _{(source: csdn.net)}

     • Waits until data reaches block size to compress.
     • Block compression provide better compression ratio than Record compression.
     • Block compression is generally the preferred option when using SequenceFile.
     • Block here is unrelated to HDFS or filesystem block.