What does the question mark in Java generics'

问题:

This is a small snippet of code taken from some of the examples that accompany the Stanford Parser. I\'ve been developing in Java for about 4 years, but have never had a very strong understanding of what this style of code is supposed to indicate.

List<? extends HasWord> wordList = toke.tokenize();

I\'m not worried about the details of the code. What I\'m confused about is what exactly the generic expression is supposed to convey, in English.

Can someone explain this to me?

回答1:

? extends HasWord

means \"A class/interface that extends HasWord.\" In other words, HasWord itself or any of its children... basically anything that would work with instanceof HasWord plus null.

In more technical terms, ? extends HasWord is a bounded wildcard, covered in Item 31 of Effective Java 3rd Edition, starting on page 139. The same chapter from the 2nd Edition is available online as a PDF; the part on bounded wildcards is Item 28 starting on page 134.

Update: PDF link was updated since Oracle removed it a while back. It now points to the copy hosted by the Queen Mary University of London\'s School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science.

Update 2: Lets go into a bit more detail as to why you\'d want to use wildcards.

If you declare a method whose signature expect you to pass in List<HasWord>, then the only thing you can pass in is a List<HasWord>.

However, if said signature was List<? extends HasWord> then you could pass in a List<ChildOfHasWord> instead.

Note that there is a subtle difference between List<? extends HasWord> and List<? super HasWord>. As Joshua Bloch put it: PECS = producer-extends, consumer-super.

What this means is that if you are passing in a collection that your method pulls data out from (i.e. the collection is producing elements for your method to use), you should use extends. If you\'re passing in a collection that your method adds data to (i.e. the collection is consuming elements your method creates), it should use super.

This may sound confusing. However, you can see it in List\'s sort command (which is just a shortcut to the two-arg version of Collections.sort). Instead of taking a Comparator<T>, it actually takes a Comparator<? super T>. In this case, the Comparator is consuming the elements of the List in order to reorder the List itself.

回答2:

A question mark is a signifier for \'any type\'. ? alone means

Any type extending Object (including Object)

while your example above means

Any type extending or implementing HasWord (including HasWord if HasWord is a non-abstract class)

回答3:

List<? extends HasWord> accepts any concrete classes that extends HasWord. If you have the following classes...

public class A extends HasWord { .. }
public class B extends HasWord { .. }
public class C { .. }
public class D extends SomeOtherWord { .. }

... the wordList can ONLY contain a list of either As or Bs or mixture of both because both classes extend the same parent or null (which fails instanceof checks for HasWorld).

回答4:

Perhaps a contrived \"real world\" example would help.

At work we have rubbish bins that come in different flavours. All bins contain rubbish, but some bins are specialist and do not take all types of rubbish. So we have Bin<CupRubbish> and Bin<RecylcableRubbsih>. The type system needs to make sure I can\'t put my HalfEatenSandwichRubbish into either of these types, but it can go into a general rubbish bin ``Bin. If I wanted to talk about aBinofRubbishwhich may be a specialist so I can\'t put in incompatible rubbish, then that would beBin`.

(Note: ? extends does not mean read-only. For instance, I can with proper precautions take out a piece of rubbish from a bin of unknown speciality and later put it back in a different place.)

Not sure how much that helps. Pointer-to-pointer in presence of polymorphism isn\'t entirely obvious.

回答5:

In English:

It\'s a List of some type that extends the class HasWord, including HasWord

In general the ? in generics means any class. And the extends SomeClass specifies that that object must extend SomeClass (or be that class).

回答6:

The question mark is used to define wildcards. Checkout the Oracle documentation about them: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/wildcards.html