Maps, ggplot2, fill by state is missing certain ar

问题:

I am working with maps and ggplot2 to visualize the number of certain crimes in each state for different years. The data set that I am working with was produced by the FBI and can be downloaded from their site or from here (if you don't want to download the dataset I don't blame you, but it is way too big to copy and paste into this question, and including a fraction of the data set wouldn't help, as there wouldn't be enough information to recreate the graph).

The problem is easier seen than described.

As you can see California is missing a large chunk as well as a few other states. Here is the code that produced this plot:

# load libraries
library(maps)
library(ggplot2)

# load data
fbi <- read.csv("http://www.hofroe.net/stat579/crimes-2012.csv")
fbi <- subset(fbi, state != "United States")
states <- map_data("state")

# merge data sets by region
fbi$region <- tolower(fbi$state)
fbimap <- merge(fbi, states, by="region")

# plot robbery numbers by state for year 2012
fbimap12 <- subset(fbimap, Year == 2012)
qplot(long, lat, geom="polygon", data=fbimap12,
  facets=~Year, fill=Robbery, group=group)

This is what the states data looks like:

    long      lat     group order  region subregion
1 -87.46201 30.38968     1     1 alabama      <NA>
2 -87.48493 30.37249     1     2 alabama      <NA>
3 -87.52503 30.37249     1     3 alabama      <NA>
4 -87.53076 30.33239     1     4 alabama      <NA>
5 -87.57087 30.32665     1     5 alabama      <NA>
6 -87.58806 30.32665     1     6 alabama      <NA>

And this is what the fbi data looks like:

    Year Population Violent Property Murder Forcible.Rape Robbery
1 1960    3266740    6097    33823    406           281     898
2 1961    3302000    5564    32541    427           252     630
3 1962    3358000    5283    35829    316           218     754
4 1963    3347000    6115    38521    340           192     828
5 1964    3407000    7260    46290    316           397     992
6 1965    3462000    6916    48215    395           367     992
   Aggravated.Assault Burglary Larceny.Theft Vehicle.Theft abbr   state region
1               4512    11626         19344          2853   AL Alabama  alabama
2               4255    11205         18801          2535   AL Alabama  alabama
3               3995    11722         21306          2801   AL Alabama  alabama
4               4755    12614         22874          3033   AL Alabama  alabama
5               5555    15898         26713          3679   AL Alabama  alabama
6               5162    16398         28115          3702   AL Alabama  alabama

I then merged the two sets along region. The subset I am trying to plot is

      region Year Robbery      long      lat group
8283 alabama 2012    5020 -87.46201 30.38968     1
8284 alabama 2012    5020 -87.48493 30.37249     1
8285 alabama 2012    5020 -87.95475 30.24644     1
8286 alabama 2012    5020 -88.00632 30.24071     1
8287 alabama 2012    5020 -88.01778 30.25217     1
8288 alabama 2012    5020 -87.52503 30.37249     1
       ...            ...    ...      ...

Any ideas on how I can create this plot without those ugly missing spots?

回答1:

I played with your code. One thing I can tell is that when you used merge something happened. I drew states map using geom_path and confirmed that there were a couple of weird lines which do not exist in the original map data. I, then, further investigated this case by playing with merge and inner_join. merge and inner_join are doing the same job here. However, I found a difference. When I used merge, order changed; the numbers were not in the right sequence. This was not the case with inner_join. You will see a bit of data with California below. Your approach was right. But merge somehow did not work in your favour. I am not sure why the function changed order, though.

library(dplyr)

### Call US map polygon
states <- map_data("state")

### Get crime data
fbi <- read.csv("http://www.hofroe.net/stat579/crimes-2012.csv")
fbi <- subset(fbi, state != "United States")
fbi$state <- tolower(fbi$state)


### Check if both files have identical state names: The answer is NO
### states$region does not have Alaska, Hawaii, and Washington D.C.
### fbi$state does not have District of Columbia.

setdiff(fbi$state, states$region)
#[1] "alaska"           "hawaii"           "washington d. c."

setdiff(states$region, fbi$state)
#[1] "district of columbia"

### Select data for 2012 and choose two columns (i.e., state and Robbery)
fbi2 <- fbi %>%
        filter(Year == 2012) %>%
        select(state, Robbery)  

Now I created two data frames with merge and inner_join.

### Create two data frames with merge and inner_join
ana <- merge(fbi2, states, by.x = "state", by.y = "region")
bob <- inner_join(fbi2, states, by = c("state" ="region"))

ana %>%
    filter(state == "california") %>%
    slice(1:5)

#        state Robbery      long      lat group order subregion
#1  california   56521 -119.8685 38.90956     4   676      <NA>
#2  california   56521 -119.5706 38.69757     4   677      <NA>
#3  california   56521 -119.3299 38.53141     4   678      <NA>
#4  california   56521 -120.0060 42.00927     4   667      <NA>
#5  california   56521 -120.0060 41.20139     4   668      <NA>

bob %>%
    filter(state == "california") %>%
    slice(1:5)

#        state Robbery      long      lat group order subregion
#1  california   56521 -120.0060 42.00927     4   667      <NA>
#2  california   56521 -120.0060 41.20139     4   668      <NA>
#3  california   56521 -120.0060 39.70024     4   669      <NA>
#4  california   56521 -119.9946 39.44241     4   670      <NA>
#5  california   56521 -120.0060 39.31636     4   671      <NA>

ggplot(data = bob, aes(x = long, y = lat, fill = Robbery, group = group)) +
geom_polygon()

回答2:

The problem is in the order of arguments to merge

fbimap <- merge(fbi, states, by="region")

has the thematic data first and the geo data second. Switching the order with

fbimap <- merge(states, fbi, by="region")

the polygons should all close up.