Why does this
int x = 2;
for (int y =2; y>0;y--){
System.out.println(x + " "+ y + " ");
x++;
}
prints the same as this?
int x = 2;
for (int y =2; y>0;--y){
System.out.println(x + " "+ y + " ");
x++;
}
As far, as I understand a post-increment is first used "as it is" then incremented. Are pre-increment is first added and then used. Why this doesn't apply to the body of a for loop?
The loop is equivalent to:
int x = 2;
{
int y = 2;
while (y > 0)
{
System.out.println(x + " "+ y + " ");
x++;
y--; // or --y;
}
}
As you can see from reading that code, it doesn't matter whether you use the post or pre decrement operator in the third section of the for loop.
More generally, any for loop of the form:
for (ForInit ; Expression ; ForUpdate)
forLoopBody();
is exactly equivalent to the while loop:
{
ForInit;
while (Expression) {
forLoopBody();
ForUpdate;
}
}
The for loop is more compact, and thus easier to parse for such a common idiom.
To visualize these things, expand the for loop to a while loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
do_stuff(i);
}
Expands to:
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
do_stuff(i);
++i;
}
Whether you do post-increment or pre-increment on the loop counter doesn't matter, because the result of the increment expression (either the value before or after the increment) isn't used within the same statement.
There's no difference in terms of performance, if that's your concern. It can only be used wrongly (and thus sensitive to errors) when you use it during the increment.
Consider:
for (int i = 0; i < 3;)
System.out.print(++i + ".."); //prints 1..2..3
for (int i = 0; i < 3;)
System.out.print(i++ + ".."); //prints 0..1..2
or
for (int i = 0; i++ < 3;)
System.out.print(i + ".."); //prints 1..2..3
for (int i = 0; ++i < 3;)
System.out.print(i + ".."); //prints 1..2
Interesting detail is however that the normal idiom is to use i++ in the increment expression of the for statement and that the Java compiler will compile it as if ++i is used.
++i and i++ makes a difference when used in combination with the assignment operator such as int num = i++ and int num = ++i or other expressions. In above FOR loop, there is only incrementing condition since it is not used in combination with any other expression, it does not make any difference. In this case it will only mean i = i + 1.
This loop is the same as this while loop:
int i = 0;
while(i < 5)
{
// LOOP
i++; // Or ++i
}
So yes, it has to be the same.
Because that statement is just on it's own. The order of the increment doesn't matter there.
Those two cases are equivalent because the value of i is compared after the increment statement is done. However, if you did
if (i++ < 3)
versus
if (++i < 3)
you'd have to worry about the order of things.
And if you did
i = ++i + i++;
then you're just nuts.
Because nothing in your examples is using the value returned from the pre- or post-increments. Try wrapping a System.out.println() around the ++x and x++ to see the difference.
From the Java Language Specification chapter on for loops:
BasicForStatement:
for ( ForInit ; Expression ; ForUpdate ) Statement... if the ForUpdate part is present, the expressions are evaluated in sequence from left to right; their values, if any, are discarded. ... If the ForUpdate part is not present, no action is taken.
(highlight is mine).
The output is the same because the 'increment' item in the 'for (initial; comparison; increment)' doesn't use the result of the statement, it just relies on the side-effect of the statement, which in this case is incrementing 'i', which is the same in both cases.
Because the value of y is calculated in for statement and the value of x is calculated in its own line, but in the System.out.println they are only referenced.
If you decremented inside System.out.println, you would get different result.
System.out.println(y--);
System.out.println(--y);
The check is done before the increment argument is evaluated. The 'increment' operation is done at the end of the loop, even though it's declared at the beginning.
Try this example:
int i = 6;
System.out.println(i++);
System.out.println(i);
i = 10;
System.out.println(++i);
System.out.println(i);
You should be able to work out what it does from this.
There are a lot of good answers here, but in case this helps:
Think of y-- and --y as expressions with side effects, or a statement followed by an expression. y-- is like this (think of these examples as pseudo-assembly):
decrement y
return y
and --y does this:
store y into t
decrement y
load t
return t
In your loop example, you are throwing away the returned value either way, and relying on the side effect only (the loop check happens AFTER the decrement statement is executed; it does not receive/check the value returned by the decrement).
If the for loop used the result of the expression i++ or ++i for something, then it would be true, but that's not the case, it's there just because its side effect.
That's why you can also put a void method there, not just a numeric expression.
The increment is executed as an independent statement. So
y--;
and
--y;
are equivalent to each other, and both equivalent to
y = y - 1;
Because this:
int x = 2;
for (int y =2; y>0; y--){
System.out.println(x + " "+ y + " ");
x++;
}
Effectively gets translated by the compiler to this:
int x = 2;
int y = 2
while (y > 0){
System.out.println(x + " "+ y + " ");
x++;
y--;
}
As you see, using y-- or --y doesn't result in any difference. It would make a difference if you wrote your loop like this, though:
int x = 2;
for (int y = 3; --y > 0;){
System.out.println(x + " "+ y + " ");
x++;
}
This would yield the same result as your two variants of the loop, but changing from --y to y-- here would break your program.
It's a matter of taste. They do the same things.
If you look at code of java classes you'll see there for-loops with post-increment.
in your case, it's the same, no difference at all.
You are right. The difference can be seen in this case:
for(int i = 0; i < 5; )
{
System.out.println("i is : " + ++i);
}
Yes it does it sequentially. Intialisation, then evaluation condition and if true then executing the body and then incrementing.
Prefix and Postfix difference will be noticable only when you do an Assignment operation with the Increment/Decrement.
There is no differences because every part of the for "arguments" are separated statements.
And an interesting thing is that the compiler can decide to replace simple post-incrementations by pre-incrementations and this won't change a thing to the code.
They DON'T behave the same. The construct with i++ is slightly slower than the one with ++i because the former involves returning both the old and the new values of i. On the other side, the latter only returns the old value of i.
Then, probably the compiler does a little magic and changes any isolated i++ into a ++i for performance reasons, but in terms of raw algorithm they are not strictly the same.
There's many similar posts at Stackoverflow:
However, it seems your question is more generic because it's not specific to any language or compiler. Most of the above questions deal with a specific language/compiler.
Here's a rundown:
i is an integer (const int, int, etc.):
i++ with ++i, because they are semantically identical and so it doesn't change the output. this can be verified by checking the generated code / bytecode (for Java, I use the jclasslib bytecode viewer).So if you have a class in C++ that overrides the postfix and prefix operators (like std::iterator), this optimization is rarely, if ever, done.
In summary:
for loops, you almost always want the prefix version (i.e., ++i).++i and i++ can't always be done, but it'll try to do it for you if it can.in a loop, first initialization, then condition checking, then execution, after that increment/decrement. so pre/post increment/decrement does not affect the program code.
About i++ (post-incrementation) vs. ++i (pre-incrementation) @me: "In both cases, the expression gets evaluated, and the result is used to check against the condition. In the pre-increment case, the increment expression increments the variable and returns the resulting value. For post-increment, the increment expression also increments the variable, but it returns the previous value. As a result, pre-increment compares against the incremented value, whereas post-increment compares against the original value; in both cases, the variable has been incremented when the condition is checked." – tdammers
There is quite confusion in between post and pre increment operator, this can be easily understand from this excerpt of "Algorithms, 4th Edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne"
Increment/decrement operators: i++ is the same as i = i + 1 and has the value i in an expression. Similarly, i-- is the same as i = i - 1. The code ++i and --i are the same except that the expression value is taken after the increment/ decrement, not before.
for example
x = 0;
post increment:
x++;
step 1:
assign the old value (0) value of the x back to x.So, here is x = 0.
step 2:
after assigning the old value of the x, increase the value of x by 1. So,
x = 1 now;
when try to print somthing like:
System.out.print(x++);
the result is x : 0. Because only step one is executed which is assigning
old value of the x back and then print it.
But when, we do operation like this:
i++;
System.out.print(i);
the result is x: 1. which is because of executing Step one at first
statement and then step two at the second statement before printing the
value.
pre increment:
++x;
step 1:
increase the value of x by 1. So, x = 1 now;
step 2:
assign the increased value back to x.
when try to print something like:
System.out.print(++1)
the result is x : 1. Because the value of the x is raised by 1 and then
printed. So, both steps are performed before print x value. Similarly,
executing
++i;
system.out.print(i);
Both steps are executed at statement one. At second statement, just the
value of "i" is printed.
