What is a 'NoneType' object?

问题:

I'm getting this error when I run my python script:

TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'NoneType' objects

I'm pretty sure the 'str' means string, but I dont know what a 'NoneType' object is. My script craps out on the second line, I know the first one works because the commands from that line are in my asa as I would expect. At first I thought it may be because I'm using variables and user input inside send_command.

Everything in 'CAPS' are variables, everything in 'lower case' is input from 'parser.add_option' options.

I'm using pexpect, and optparse

send_command(child, SNMPGROUPCMD + group + V3PRIVCMD)
send_command(child, SNMPSRVUSRCMD + snmpuser + group + V3AUTHCMD + snmphmac + snmpauth + PRIVCMD + snmpencrypt + snmppriv)

回答1:

NoneType is the type for the None object, which is an object that indicates no value. None is the return value of functions that "don't return anything". It is also a common default return value for functions that search for something and may or may not find it; for example, it's returned by re.search when the regex doesn't match, or dict.get when the key has no entry in the dict. You cannot add None to strings or other objects.

One of your variables is None, not a string. Maybe you forgot to return in one of your functions, or maybe the user didn't provide a command-line option and optparse gave you None for that option's value. When you try to add None to a string, you get that exception:

send_command(child, SNMPGROUPCMD + group + V3PRIVCMD)

One of group or SNMPGROUPCMD or V3PRIVCMD has None as its value.

回答2:

NoneType is simply the type of the None singleton:

>>> type(None)
<type 'NoneType'>

From the latter link above:

None

The sole value of the type NoneType. None is frequently used to represent the absence of a value, as when default arguments are not passed to a function. Assignments to None are illegal and raise a SyntaxError.

In your case, it looks like one of the items you are trying to concatenate is None, hence your error.

回答3:

It means you're trying to concatenate a string with something that is None.

None is the "null" of Python, and NoneType is its type.

This code will raise the same kind of error:

>>> bar = "something"
>>> foo = None
>>> print foo + bar
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'NoneType' objects

回答4:

For the sake of defensive programming, objects should be checked against nullity before using.

if obj is None:

or

if obj is not None:

回答5:

In Python, to represent the absence of a value, you can use the None value types.NoneType.None

回答6:

In the error message, instead of telling you that you can't concatenate two objects by showing their values (a string and None in this example), the Python interpreter tells you this by showing the types of the objects that you tried to concatenate. The type of every string is str while the type of the single None instance is called NoneType.

You normally do not need to concern yourself with NoneType, but in this example it is necessary to know that type(None) == NoneType.

回答7:

Your error's occurring due to something like this:
>>> None + "hello world"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'NoneType' and 'str' >>>

Python's None object is roughly equivalent to null, nil, etc. in other languages.

回答8:

One of the variables has not been given any value, thus it is a NoneType. You'll have to look into why this is, it's probably a simple logic error on your part.

回答9:

A nonetype is the type of a None.

See the docs here: https://docs.python.org/2/library/types.html#types.NoneType