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问题:
This is a challenge to come up with the most elegant JavaScript, Ruby or other solution to a relatively trivial problem.
This problem is a more specific case of the Longest common substring problem. I need to only find the longest common starting substring in an array. This greatly simplifies the problem.
For example, the longest substring in [interspecies, interstelar, interstate] is "inters". However, I don't need to find "ific" in [specifics, terrific].
I've solved the problem by quickly coding up a solution in JavaScript as a part of my answer about shell-like tab-completion (test page here). Here is that solution, slightly tweaked:
function common_substring(data) {
var i, ch, memo, idx = 0
do {
memo = null
for (i=0; i < data.length; i++) {
ch = data[i].charAt(idx)
if (!ch) break
if (!memo) memo = ch
else if (ch != memo) break
}
} while (i == data.length && idx < data.length && ++idx)
return (data[0] || '').slice(0, idx)
}
This code is available in this Gist along with a similar solution in Ruby. You can clone the gist as a git repo to try it out:
$ git clone git://gist.github.com/257891.git substring-challenge
I'm not very happy with those solutions. I have a feeling they might be solved with more elegance and less execution complexity—that's why I'm posting this challenge.
I'm going to accept as an answer the solution I find the most elegant or concise. Here is for instance a crazy Ruby hack I come up with—defining the & operator on String:
# works with Ruby 1.8.7 and above
class String
def &(other)
difference = other.to_str.each_char.with_index.find { |ch, idx|
self[idx].nil? or ch != self[idx].chr
}
difference ? self[0, difference.last] : self
end
end
class Array
def common_substring
self.inject(nil) { |memo, str| memo.nil? ? str : memo & str }.to_s
end
end
Solutions in JavaScript or Ruby are preferred, but you can show off clever solution in other languages as long as you explain what's going on. Only code from standard library please.
Update: my favorite solutions
I've chosen the JavaScript sorting solution by kennebec as the "answer" because it struck me as both unexpected and genius. If we disregard the complexity of actual sorting (let's imagine it's infinitely optimized by the language implementation), the complexity of the solution is just comparing two strings.
Other great solutions:
- "regex greed" by FM takes a minute or two to grasp, but then the elegance of it hits you. Yehuda Katz also made a regex solution, but it's more complex
commonprefix in Python — Roberto Bonvallet used a feature made for handling filesystem paths to solve this problem- Haskell one-liner is short as if it were compressed, and beautiful
- the straightforward Ruby one-liner
Thanks for participating! As you can see from the comments, I learned a lot (even about Ruby).
回答1:
It's a matter of taste, but this is a simple javascript version:
It sorts the array, and then looks just at the first and last items.
//longest common starting substring in an array
function sharedStart(array){
var A= array.concat().sort(),
a1= A[0], a2= A[A.length-1], L= a1.length, i= 0;
while(i<L && a1.charAt(i)=== a2.charAt(i)) i++;
return a1.substring(0, i);
}
DEMOS
sharedStart(['interspecies', 'interstelar', 'interstate']) //=> 'inters'
sharedStart(['throne', 'throne']) //=> 'throne'
sharedStart(['throne', 'dungeon']) //=> ''
sharedStart(['cheese']) //=> 'cheese'
sharedStart([]) //=> ''
sharedStart(['prefix', 'suffix']) //=> ''
回答2:
In Python:
>>> from os.path import commonprefix
>>> commonprefix('interspecies interstelar interstate'.split())
'inters'
回答3:
Ruby one-liner:
l=strings.inject{|l,s| l=l.chop while l!=s[0...l.length];l}
回答4:
My Haskell one-liner:
import Data.List
commonPre :: [String] -> String
commonPre = map head . takeWhile (\(x:xs)-> all (==x) xs) . transpose
EDIT: barkmadley gave a good explanation of the code below. I'd also add that haskell uses lazy evaluation, so we can be lazy about our use of transpose; it will only transpose our lists as far as necessary to find the end of the common prefix.
回答5:
You just need to traverse all strings until they differ, then take the substring up to this point.
Pseudocode:
loop for i upfrom 0
while all strings[i] are equal
finally return substring[0..i]
Common Lisp:
(defun longest-common-starting-substring (&rest strings)
(loop for i from 0 below (apply #'min (mapcar #'length strings))
while (apply #'char=
(mapcar (lambda (string) (aref string i))
strings))
finally (return (subseq (first strings) 0 i))))
回答6:
Yet another way to do it: use regex greed.
words = %w(interspecies interstelar interstate)
j = '='
str = ['', *words].join(j)
re = "[^#{j}]*"
str =~ /\A
(?: #{j} ( #{re} ) #{re} )
(?: #{j} \1 #{re} )*
\z/x
p $1
And the one-liner, courtesy of mislav (50 characters):
p ARGV.join(' ').match(/^(\w*)\w*(?: \1\w*)*$/)[1]
回答7:
In Python I wouldn't use anything but the existing commonprefix function I showed in another answer, but I couldn't help to reinvent the wheel :P. This is my iterator-based approach:
>>> a = 'interspecies interstelar interstate'.split()
>>>
>>> from itertools import takewhile, chain, izip as zip, imap as map
>>> ''.join(chain(*takewhile(lambda s: len(s) == 1, map(set, zip(*a)))))
'inters'
Edit: Explanation of how this works.
zip generates tuples of elements taking one of each item of a at a time:
In [6]: list(zip(*a)) # here I use list() to expand the iterator
Out[6]:
[('i', 'i', 'i'),
('n', 'n', 'n'),
('t', 't', 't'),
('e', 'e', 'e'),
('r', 'r', 'r'),
('s', 's', 's'),
('p', 't', 't'),
('e', 'e', 'a'),
('c', 'l', 't'),
('i', 'a', 'e')]
By mapping set over these items, I get a series of unique letters:
In [7]: list(map(set, _)) # _ means the result of the last statement above
Out[7]:
[set(['i']),
set(['n']),
set(['t']),
set(['e']),
set(['r']),
set(['s']),
set(['p', 't']),
set(['a', 'e']),
set(['c', 'l', 't']),
set(['a', 'e', 'i'])]
takewhile(predicate, items) takes elements from this while the predicate is True; in this particular case, when the sets have one element, i.e. all the words have the same letter at that position:
In [8]: list(takewhile(lambda s: len(s) == 1, _))
Out[8]:
[set(['i']),
set(['n']),
set(['t']),
set(['e']),
set(['r']),
set(['s'])]
At this point we have an iterable of sets, each containing one letter of the prefix we were looking for. To construct the string, we chain them into a single iterable, from which we get the letters to join into the final string.
The magic of using iterators is that all items are generated on demand, so when takewhile stops asking for items, the zipping stops at that point and no unnecessary work is done. Each function call in my one-liner has a implicit for and an implicit break.
回答8:
This is probably not the most concise solution (depends if you already have a library for this), but one elegant method is to use a trie. I use tries for implementing tab completion in my Scheme interpreter:
http://github.com/jcoglan/heist/blob/master/lib/trie.rb
For example:
tree = Trie.new
%w[interspecies interstelar interstate].each { |s| tree[s] = true }
tree.longest_prefix('')
#=> "inters"
I also use them for matching channel names with wildcards for the Bayeux protocol; see these:
http://github.com/jcoglan/faye/blob/master/client/channel.js
http://github.com/jcoglan/faye/blob/master/lib/faye/channel.rb
回答9:
Just for the fun of it, here's a version written in (SWI-)PROLOG:
common_pre([[C|Cs]|Ss], [C|Res]) :-
maplist(head_tail(C), [[C|Cs]|Ss], RemSs), !,
common_pre(RemSs, Res).
common_pre(_, []).
head_tail(H, [H|T], T).
Running:
?- S=["interspecies", "interstelar", "interstate"], common_pre(S, CP), string_to_list(CPString, CP).
Gives:
CP = [105, 110, 116, 101, 114, 115],
CPString = "inters".
Explanation:
(SWI-)PROLOG treats strings as lists of character codes (numbers). All the predicate common_pre/2 does is recursively pattern-match to select the first code (C) from the head of the first list (string, [C|Cs]) in the list of all lists (all strings, [[C|Cs]|Ss]), and appends the matching code C to the result iff it is common to all (remaining) heads of all lists (strings), else it terminates.
Nice, clean, simple and efficient... :)
回答10:
A javascript version based on @Svante's algorithm:
function commonSubstring(words){
var iChar, iWord,
refWord = words[0],
lRefWord = refWord.length,
lWords = words.length;
for (iChar = 0; iChar < lRefWord; iChar += 1) {
for (iWord = 1; iWord < lWords; iWord += 1) {
if (refWord[iChar] !== words[iWord][iChar]) {
return refWord.substring(0, iChar);
}
}
}
return refWord;
}
回答11:
Combining answers by kennebec, Florian F and jberryman yields the following Haskell one-liner:
commonPrefix l = map fst . takeWhile (uncurry (==)) $ zip (minimum l) (maximum l)
With Control.Arrow one can get a point-free form:
commonPrefix = map fst . takeWhile (uncurry (==)) . uncurry zip . (minimum &&& maximum)
回答12:
Python 2.6 (r26:66714, Oct 4 2008, 02:48:43)
>>> a = ['interspecies', 'interstelar', 'interstate']
>>> print a[0][:max(
[i for i in range(min(map(len, a)))
if len(set(map(lambda e: e[i], a))) == 1]
) + 1]
inters
i for i in range(min(map(len, a))), number of maximum lookups can't be greater than the length of the shortest string; in this example this would evaluate to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
len(set(map(lambda e: e[i], a))), 1) create an array of the i-thcharacter for each string in the list; 2) make a set out of it; 3) determine the size of the set
[i for i in range(min(map(len, a))) if len(set(map(lambda e: e[i], a))) == 1], include just the characters, for which the size of the set is 1 (all characters at that position were the same ..); here it would evaluate to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
finally take the max, add one, and get the substring ...
Note: the above does not work for a = ['intersyate', 'intersxate', 'interstate', 'intersrate'], but this would:
>>> index = len(
filter(lambda l: l[0] == l[1],
[ x for x in enumerate(
[i for i in range(min(map(len, a)))
if len(set(map(lambda e: e[i], a))) == 1]
)]))
>>> a[0][:index]
inters
回答13:
Doesn't seem that complicated if you're not too concerned about ultimate performance:
def common_substring(data)
data.inject { |m, s| s[0,(0..m.length).find { |i| m[i] != s[i] }.to_i] }
end
One of the useful features of inject is the ability to pre-seed with the first element of the array being interated over. This avoids the nil memo check.
puts common_substring(%w[ interspecies interstelar interstate ]).inspect
# => "inters"
puts common_substring(%w[ feet feel feeble ]).inspect
# => "fee"
puts common_substring(%w[ fine firkin fail ]).inspect
# => "f"
puts common_substring(%w[ alpha bravo charlie ]).inspect
# => ""
puts common_substring(%w[ fork ]).inspect
# => "fork"
puts common_substring(%w[ fork forks ]).inspect
# => "fork"
Update: If golf is the game here, then 67 characters:
def f(d)d.inject{|m,s|s[0,(0..m.size).find{|i|m[i]!=s[i]}.to_i]}end
回答14:
This one is very similar to Roberto Bonvallet's solution, except in ruby.
chars = %w[interspecies interstelar interstate].map {|w| w.split('') }
chars[0].zip(*chars[1..-1]).map { |c| c.uniq }.take_while { |c| c.size == 1 }.join
The first line replaces each word with an array of chars. Next, I use zip to create this data structure:
[["i", "i", "i"], ["n", "n", "n"], ["t", "t", "t"], ...
map and uniq reduce this to [["i"],["n"],["t"], ...
take_while pulls the chars off the array until it finds one where the size isn't one (meaning not all chars were the same). Finally, I join them back together.
回答15:
The accepted solution is broken (for example, it returns a for strings like ['a', 'ba']). The fix is very simple, you literally have to change only 3 characters (from indexOf(tem1) == -1 to indexOf(tem1) != 0) and the function would work as expected.
Unfortunately, when I tried to edit the answer to fix the typo, SO told me that "edits must be at least 6 characters". I could change more then those 3 chars, by improving naming and readability but that feels like a little bit too much.
So, below is a fixed and improved (at least from my point of view) version of the kennebec's solution:
function commonPrefix(words) {
max_word = words.reduce(function(a, b) { return a > b ? a : b });
prefix = words.reduce(function(a, b) { return a > b ? b : a }); // min word
while(max_word.indexOf(prefix) != 0) {
prefix = prefix.slice(0, -1);
}
return prefix;
}
(on jsFiddle)
Note, that it uses reduce method (JavaScript 1.8) in order to find alphanumeric max / min instead of sorting the array and then fetching the first and the last elements of it.
回答16:
While reading these answers with all the fancy functional programming, sorting and regexes and whatnot, I just thought: what's wrong a little bit of C? So here's a goofy looking little program.
#include <stdio.h>
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i = -1, j, c;
if (argc < 2)
return 1;
while (c = argv[1][++i])
for (j = 2; j < argc; j++)
if (argv[j][i] != c)
goto out;
out:
printf("Longest common prefix: %.*s\n", i, argv[1]);
}
Compile it, run it with your list of strings as command line arguments, then upvote me for using goto!
回答17:
Here's a solution using regular expressions in Ruby:
def build_regex(string)
arr = []
arr << string.dup while string.chop!
Regexp.new("^(#{arr.join("|")})")
end
def substring(first, *strings)
strings.inject(first) do |accum, string|
build_regex(accum).match(string)[0]
end
end
回答18:
I would do the following:
- Take the first string of the array as the initial starting substring.
- Take the next string of the array and compare the characters until the end of one of the strings is reached or a mismatch is found. If a mismatch is found, reduce starting substring to the length where the mismatch was found.
- Repeat step 2 until all strings have been tested.
Here’s a JavaScript implementation:
var array = ["interspecies", "interstelar", "interstate"],
prefix = array[0],
len = prefix.length;
for (i=1; i<array.length; i++) {
for (j=0, len=Math.min(len,array[j].length); j<len; j++) {
if (prefix[j] != array[i][j]) {
len = j;
prefix = prefix.substr(0, len);
break;
}
}
}
回答19:
Instead of sorting, you could just get the min and max of the strings.
To me, elegance in a computer program is a balance of speed and simplicity.
It should not do unnecessary computation, and it should be simple enough to make its correctness evident.
I could call the sorting solution "clever", but not "elegant".
回答20:
Oftentimes it's more elegant to use a mature open source library instead of rolling your own. Then, if it doesn't completely suit your needs, you can extend it or modify it to improve it, and let the community decide if that belongs in the library.
diff-lcs is a good Ruby gem for least common substring.
回答21:
My solution in Java:
public static String compute(Collection<String> strings) {
if(strings.isEmpty()) return "";
Set<Character> v = new HashSet<Character>();
int i = 0;
try {
while(true) {
for(String s : strings) v.add(s.charAt(i));
if(v.size() > 1) break;
v.clear();
i++;
}
} catch(StringIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {}
return strings.iterator().next().substring(0, i);
}
回答22:
Golfed JS solution just for fun:
w=["hello", "hell", "helen"];
c=w.reduce(function(p,c){
for(r="",i=0;p[i]==c[i];r+=p[i],i++){}
return r;
});
回答23:
Here's an efficient solution in ruby. I based the idea of the strategy for a hi/lo guessing game where you iteratively zero in on the longest prefix.
Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but I think the complexity is O(n log n), where n is the length of the shortest string and the number of strings is considered a constant.
def common(strings)
lo = 0
hi = strings.map(&:length).min - 1
return '' if hi < lo
guess, last_guess = lo, hi
while guess != last_guess
last_guess = guess
guess = lo + ((hi - lo) / 2.0).ceil
if strings.map { |s| s[0..guess] }.uniq.length == 1
lo = guess
else
hi = guess
end
end
strings.map { |s| s[0...guess] }.uniq.length == 1 ? strings.first[0...guess] : ''
end
And some checks that it works:
>> common %w{ interspecies interstelar interstate }
=> "inters"
>> common %w{ dog dalmation }
=> "d"
>> common %w{ asdf qwerty }
=> ""
>> common ['', 'asdf']
=> ""
回答24:
Fun alternative Ruby solution:
def common_prefix(*strings)
chars = strings.map(&:chars)
length = chars.first.zip( *chars[1..-1] ).index{ |a| a.uniq.length>1 }
strings.first[0,length]
end
p common_prefix( 'foon', 'foost', 'forlorn' ) #=> "fo"
p common_prefix( 'foost', 'foobar', 'foon' ) #=> "foo"
p common_prefix( 'a','b' ) #=> ""
It might help speed if you used chars = strings.sort_by(&:length).map(&:chars), since the shorter the first string, the shorter the arrays created by zip. However, if you cared about speed, you probably shouldn't use this solution anyhow. :)
回答25:
Javascript clone of AShelly's excellent answer.
Requires Array#reduce which is supported only in firefox.
var strings = ["interspecies", "intermediate", "interrogation"]
var sub = strings.reduce(function(l,r) {
while(l!=r.slice(0,l.length)) {
l = l.slice(0, -1);
}
return l;
});
回答26:
This is by no means elegant, but if you want concise:
Ruby, 71 chars
def f(a)b=a[0];b[0,(0..b.size).find{|n|a.any?{|i|i[0,n]!=b[0,n]}}-1]end
If you want that unrolled it looks like this:
def f(words)
first_word = words[0];
first_word[0, (0..(first_word.size)).find { |num_chars|
words.any? { |word| word[0, num_chars] != first_word[0, num_chars] }
} - 1]
end
回答27:
It's not code golf, but you asked for somewhat elegant, and I tend to think recursion is fun. Java.
/** Recursively find the common prefix. */
public String findCommonPrefix(String[] strings) {
int minLength = findMinLength(strings);
if (isFirstCharacterSame(strings)) {
return strings[0].charAt(0) + findCommonPrefix(removeFirstCharacter(strings));
} else {
return "";
}
}
/** Get the minimum length of a string in strings[]. */
private int findMinLength(final String[] strings) {
int length = strings[0].size();
for (String string : strings) {
if (string.size() < length) {
length = string.size();
}
}
return length;
}
/** Compare the first character of all strings. */
private boolean isFirstCharacterSame(String[] strings) {
char c = string[0].charAt(0);
for (String string : strings) {
if (c != string.charAt(0)) return false;
}
return true;
}
/** Remove the first character of each string in the array,
and return a new array with the results. */
private String[] removeFirstCharacter(String[] source) {
String[] result = new String[source.length];
for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++) {
result[i] = source[i].substring(1);
}
return result;
}
回答28:
A ruby version based on @Svante's algorithm. Runs ~3x as fast as my first one.
def common_prefix set
i=0
rest=set[1..-1]
set[0].each_byte{|c|
rest.each{|e|return set[0][0...i] if e[i]!=c}
i+=1
}
set
end
回答29:
My Javascript solution:
IMOP, using sort is too tricky.
My solution is compare letter by letter through looping the array.
Return string if letter is not macthed.
This is my solution:
var longestCommonPrefix = function(strs){
if(strs.length < 1){
return '';
}
var p = 0, i = 0, c = strs[0][0];
while(p < strs[i].length && strs[i][p] === c){
i++;
if(i === strs.length){
i = 0;
p++;
c = strs[0][p];
}
}
return strs[0].substr(0, p);
};
回答30:
Realizing the risk of this turning into a match of code golf (or is that the intention?), here's my solution using sed, copied from my answer to another SO question and shortened to 36 chars (30 of which are the actual sed expression). It expects the strings (each on a seperate line) to be supplied on standard input or in files passed as additional arguments.
sed 'N;s/^\(.*\).*\n\1.*$/\1\n\1/;D'
A script with sed in the shebang line weighs in at 45 chars:
#!/bin/sed -f
N;s/^\(.*\).*\n\1.*$/\1\n\1/;D
A test run of the script (named longestprefix), with strings supplied as a "here document":
$ ./longestprefix <<EOF
> interspecies
> interstelar
> interstate
> EOF
inters
$
