How do you implement “#ifdef” in python?

问题:

Programming in C I used to have code sections only used for debugging purposes (logging commands and the like). Those statements could be completely disabled for production by using #ifdef pre-processor directives, like this:

 #ifdef MACRO

 controlled text

 #endif /* MACRO */

What is the best way to do something similar in python?

回答1:

If you just want to disable logging methods, use the logging module. If the log level is set to exclude, say, debug statements, then logging.debug will be very close to a no-op (it just checks the log level and returns without interpolating the log string).

If you want to actually remove chunks of code at bytecode compile time conditional on a particular variable, your only option is the rather enigmatic __debug__ global variable. This variable is set to True unless the -O flag is passed to Python (or PYTHONOPTIMIZE is set to something nonempty in the environment).

If __debug__ is used in an if statement, the if statement is actually compiled into only the True branch. This particular optimization is as close to a preprocessor macro as Python ever gets.

Note that, unlike macros, your code must still be syntactically correct in both branches of the if.

---

To show how __debug__ works, consider these two functions:

def f():
    if __debug__: return 3
    else: return 4

def g():
    if True: return 3
    else: return 4

Now check them out with dis:

>>> dis.dis(f)
  2           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (3)
              3 RETURN_VALUE        
>>> dis.dis(g)
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (True)
              3 JUMP_IF_FALSE            5 (to 11)
              6 POP_TOP             
              7 LOAD_CONST               1 (3)
             10 RETURN_VALUE        
        >>   11 POP_TOP             

  3          12 LOAD_CONST               2 (4)
             15 RETURN_VALUE        
             16 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             19 RETURN_VALUE        

As you can see, only f is "optimized".

回答2:

It is important to understand that in Python def and class are two regular executable statements...

import os

if os.name == "posix":
    def foo(x):
        return x * x
else:
    def foo(x):
        return x + 42
...

so to do what you do with preprocessor in C and C++ you can use the the regular Python language.

Python language is fundamentally different from C and C++ on this point because there exist no concept of "compile time" and the only two phases are "parse time" (when the source code is read in) and "run time" when the parsed code (normally mostly composed of definition statements but that is indeed arbitrary Python code) is executed.

I am using the term "parse time" even if technically when the source code is read in the transformation is a full compilation to bytecode because the semantic of C and C++ compilation is different and for example the definition of a function happens during that phase (while instead it happens at runtime in Python).

Even the equivalent of #include of C and C++ (that in Python is import) is a regular statement that is executed at run time and not at compile (parse) time so it can be placed inside a regular python if. Quite common is for example having an import inside a try block that will provide alternate definitions for some functions if a specific optional Python library is not present on the system.

Finally note that in Python you can even create new functions and classes at runtime from scratch by the use of exec, not necessarily having them in your source code. You can also assemble those objects directly using code because classes and functions are indeed just regular objects (this is normally done only for classes, however).

There are some tools that instead try to consider def and class definitions and import statements as "static", for example to do a static analysis of Python code to generate warnings on suspicious fragments or to create a self-contained deployable package that doesn't depend on having a specific Python installation on the system to run the program. All of them however need to be able to consider that Python is more dynamic than C or C++ in this area and they also allow adding exceptions for where the automatic analysis will fail.

回答3:

As far as I am aware, you have to use actual if statements. There is no preprocessor, so there is no analogue to preprocessor directives.

Edit: Actually, it looks like the top answer to this question will be more illuminating: How would you do the equivalent of preprocessor directives in Python?

Supposedly there is a special variable __debug__ which, when used with an if statement, will be evaluated once and then not evaluated again during execution.

回答4:

Here is an example that I use to distinguish between Python 2 & 3 for my Python Tk programs:

import sys
if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
    from tkinter import *
    from tkinter import ttk
else:
    from Tkinter import *
    import ttk

""" rest of your code """

Hope that is a useful illustration.

回答5:

There is no direct equivalent that I'm aware of, so you might want to zoom-out and reconsider the problems that you used to solve using the preprocessor.

If it's just diagnostic logging you're after then there is a comprehensive logging module which should cover everything you wanted and more.

http://docs.python.org/library/logging.html

What else do you use the preprocessor for? Test configurations? There's a config module for that.

http://docs.python.org/library/configparser.html

Anything else?

回答6:

If you are using #ifdef to check for variables that may have been defined in the scope above the current file, you can use exceptions. For example, I have scripts that I want to run differently from within ipython vs outside ipython (show plots vs save plots, for example). So I add

     ipy = False
     try:
        ipy = __IPYTHON__
     except NameError:
        pass

This leaves me with a variable ipy, which tells me whether or not __IPYTHON__ was declared in a scope above my current script. This is the closest parallel I know of for an #ifdef function in Python.

For ipython, this is a great solution. You could use similar constructions in other contexts, in which a calling script sets variable values and the inner scripts check accordingly. Whether or not this makes sense, of course, would depend on your specific use case.

回答7:

I haven't tried it myself but how about https://code.google.com/p/pypreprocessor/