Table with 80 million records and adding an index

问题:

A short recap of what happened. I am working with 71 million records (not much compared to billions of records processed by others). On a different thread, someone suggested that the current setup of my cluster is not suitable for my need. My table structure is:

CREATE TABLE `IPAddresses` (
  `id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
  `ipaddress` bigint(20) unsigned default NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY  (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM;

And I added the 71 million records and then did a:

ALTER TABLE IPAddresses ADD INDEX(ipaddress);

It's been 14 hours and the operation is still not completed. Upon Googling, I found that there is a well-known approach for solving this problem - Partitioning. I understand that I need to partition my table now based on the ipaddress but can I do this without recreating the entire table? I mean, through an ALTER statement? If yes, there was one requirement saying that the column to be partitioned on should be a primary key. I will be using the id of this ipaddress in constructing a different table so ipaddress is not my primary key. How do I partition my table given this scenario?

回答1:

Ok turns out that this problem was more than just a simple create a table, index it and forget problem :) Here's what I did just in case someone else faces the same problem (I have used an example of IP Address but it works for other data types too):

Problem: Your table has millions of entries and you need to add an index really fast

Usecase: Consider storing millions of IP addresses in a lookup table. Adding the IP addresses should not be a big problem but creating an index on them takes more than 14 hours.

Solution: Partition your table using MySQL's Partitioning strategy

Case #1: When the table you want is not yet created

CREATE TABLE IPADDRESSES(
  id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  ipaddress BIGINT UNSIGNED,
  PRIMARY KEY(id, ipaddress)
) ENGINE=MYISAM
PARTITION BY HASH(ipaddress)
PARTITIONS 20;

Case #2: When the table you want is already created. There seems to be a way to use ALTER TABLE to do this but I have not yet figured out a proper solution for this. Instead, there is a slightly inefficient solution:

CREATE TABLE IPADDRESSES_TEMP(
  id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  ipaddress BIGINT UNSIGNED,
  PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE=MYISAM;

Insert your IP addresses into this table. And then create the actual table with partitions:

CREATE TABLE IPADDRESSES(
  id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  ipaddress BIGINT UNSIGNED,
  PRIMARY KEY(id, ipaddress)
) ENGINE=MYISAM
PARTITION BY HASH(ipaddress)
PARTITIONS 20;

And then finally

INSERT INTO IPADDRESSES(ipaddress) SELECT ipaddress FROM IPADDRESSES_TEMP;
DROP TABLE IPADDRESSES_TEMP;
ALTER TABLE IPADDRESSES ADD INDEX(ipaddress)

And there you go... indexing on the new table took me about 2 hours on a 3.2GHz machine with 1GB RAM :) Hope this helps.

回答2:

Creating indexes with MySQL is slow, but not that slow. With 71 million records, it should take a couple minutes, not 14 hours. Possible problems are :

• you have not configured sort buffer sizes and other configuration options

look here : http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_myisam_sort_buffer_size

If you try to generate a 1GB index with a 8MB sort buffer it's going to take lots of passes. But if the buffer is larger than your CPU cache it will get slower. So you have to test and see what works best.

• someone has a lock on the table
• your IO system sucks
• your server is swapping
• etc

as usual check iostat, vmstat, logs, etc. Issue a LOCK TABLE on your table to check if someone has a lock on it.

FYI on my 64-bit desktop creating an index on 10M random BIGINTs takes 17s...

回答3:

I had the problem where I wanted to speed up my query by adding an index. The table only had about 300.000 records but it also took way too long. When I checked the mysql server processes, it turned out that the query I was trying to optimize was still running in the background. 4 times! After I killed those queries, indexing was done in a jiffy. Perhaps the same problem applies to your situation.

回答4:

You are using MyISAM which is being deprecated soon. An alternative would be InnoDB.

"InnoDB is a transaction-safe (ACID compliant) storage engine for MySQL that has commit, rollback, and crash-recovery capabilities to protect user data. InnoDB row-level locking (without escalation to coarser granularity locks) and Oracle-style consistent nonlocking reads increase multi-user concurrency and performance. InnoDB stores user data in clustered indexes to reduce I/O for common queries based on primary keys. To maintain data integrity, InnoDB also supports FOREIGN KEY referential-integrity constraints. You can freely mix InnoDB tables with tables from other MySQL storage engines, even within the same statement."\

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/innodb.html

According to:

http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/storage-engine/part_1.html

, you should be able to switch between different engine by utilizing a simple alter command which allows you some flexibility. It also states that each table in your DB can be configured independently.

回答5:

In your table . you have already inserted 71 billion records. now if you want to create partitions on the primary key column of your table, you can use alter table option. An example is given for your reference.

CREATE TABLE t1 (
    id INT,
    year_col INT
);

ALTER TABLE t1
    PARTITION BY HASH(id)
    PARTITIONS 8;