Computing End-To-End Delay in Veins

I have read a bunch of posts on SO regarding the computation of end-to-end delay in Veins, but have not found an answer to be fulfilling in explaining why the delay is seemingly too low.

I am using:

Veins 4.7
Sumo 0.32.0
Omnetpp 5.3

Channel switching is turned off.

I have the following code, sending a message from the transmitting node:

if(sendMessage) {
  WaveShortMessage* wsm = new WaveShortMessage();
  sendDown(wsm);
}

The receiving node computes the delay using the wsm creation time, but I have also tried setting the timestamp on the transmitting side. The result is the same.

simtime_t delay = simTime() - wsm -> getCreationTime();
delayVector.record(delay);

The sample output for the delay vector is as follows:

Item# Event# Time Value
0 165 14.400239402394 2.39402394E-4
1 186 14.500240403299 2.40403299E-4
2 207 14.600241404069 2.41404069E-4
3 228 14.700242404729 2.42404729E-4

Which means that the end-to-end delay (from creation to reception) is equivalent to roughly a quarter of a millisecond, which seems to be quite low - and a fair bit below what is typically reported in the literature. This seems to be consistent with what other people have reported as being an issue (e.g. end to end delay in Veins)

Am I missing something in this computation? I have tried adding load on the network by adding a high number of vehicular nodes (21 nodes within a 1000x50 sandbox on a straight highway, with an average speed of 50 km/h), but the result seems to be the same. The difference is negligible. I have read several research papers that suggest that end-to-end delay should increase dramatically in high vehicular densities.

This end-to-end delay is to be expected. If your application's simulation model does not explicitly model processing delay (e.g., by an application running on a slow general purpose computer), all you would expect to delay a frame is propagation delay (lightspeed, so negligible here) and queueing delay on the MAC (time from inserting frame into TX queue until transmission finishes).

To give an example, for a 2400 bit frame sent at 6 Mbit/s this delay is roughly 0.45 ms. You are likely using slightly shorter frames, so your values appear to be reasonable.

For background information, see F. Klingler, F. Dressler, C. Sommer: "The Impact of Head of Line Blocking in Highly Dynamic WLANs" (DOI 10.1109/TVT.2018.2837157), which also includes a comparison of theory vs. Veins vs. real measurements.