在Python使用字符串<128KB时内存泄漏?(Memory leak when using

2019-07-21 08:45发布

原标题:内存泄漏打开文件<在Python 128KB?

原来的问题

我看到我的运行Python脚本时,我认为是内存泄漏。 这里是我的脚本:

import sys
import time


class MyObj(object):
    def __init__(self, filename):
        with open(filename) as f:
            self.att = f.read()


def myfunc(filename):
    mylist = [MyObj(filename) for x in xrange(100)]
    len(mylist)
    return []


def main():
    filename = sys.argv[1]
    myfunc(filename)
    time.sleep(3600)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

主函数调用myfunc()它创建100个对象的列表,每个打开和读取文件。 从回国后myfunc()我期望从100项清单,并从阅读中解放出来的文件存储,因为它们不再被引用。 然而,当我使用检查存储器使用ps命令时,Python进程使用比从脚本与注释线路12和13运行Python过程约10,000 KB更多的存储器。

奇怪的是,该内存泄漏(如果那是它是什么)似乎只发生的文件<128KB的大小。 我创建了一个bash脚本来运行该脚本文件,大小不等,从1KB至200KB和内存增加停止了文件大小128KB命中时。 下面是bash脚本:

#!/bin/bash

echo "PID RSS S TTY TIME COMMAND" > output.txt

for i in `seq 1 200`;
do
    python debug_memory.py "data/stuff_${i}K.txt" &
    pid=$!
    sleep 0.1
    ps -e -O rss | grep $pid | grep -v grep >> output.txt
    kill $pid
done   

下面是bash脚本的输出:

PID RSS S TTY TIME COMMAND
28471  5552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_1K.txt
28477  5656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_2K.txt
28483  5756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_3K.txt
28488  5852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_4K.txt
28494  5952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_5K.txt
28499  6052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_6K.txt
28505  6156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_7K.txt
28511  6256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_8K.txt
28516  6356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_9K.txt
28522  6452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_10K.txt
28527  6552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_11K.txt
28533  6656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_12K.txt
28539  6756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_13K.txt
28544  6852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_14K.txt
28550  6952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_15K.txt
28555  7056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_16K.txt
28561  7156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_17K.txt
28567  7252 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_18K.txt
28572  7356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_19K.txt
28578  7452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_20K.txt
28584  7556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_21K.txt
28589  7652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_22K.txt
28595  7756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_23K.txt
28600  7852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_24K.txt
28606  7952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_25K.txt
28612  8052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_26K.txt
28617  8152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_27K.txt
28623  8252 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_28K.txt
28629  8356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_29K.txt
28634  8452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_30K.txt
28640  8556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_31K.txt
28645  8656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_32K.txt
28651  8756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_33K.txt
28657  8856 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_34K.txt
28662  8956 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_35K.txt
28668  9056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_36K.txt
28674  9156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_37K.txt
28679  9256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_38K.txt
28685  9352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_39K.txt
28691  9452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_40K.txt
28696  9552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_41K.txt
28702  9656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_42K.txt
28707  9756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_43K.txt
28713  9852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_44K.txt
28719  9952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_45K.txt
28724 10052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_46K.txt
28730 10156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_47K.txt
28739 10256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_48K.txt
28746 10352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_49K.txt
28752 10452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_50K.txt
28757 10556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_51K.txt
28763 10656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_52K.txt
28769 10752 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_53K.txt
28774 10852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_54K.txt
28780 10952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_55K.txt
28786 11052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_56K.txt
28791 11152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_57K.txt
28797 11256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_58K.txt
28802 11356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_59K.txt
28808 11452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_60K.txt
28814 11556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_61K.txt
28819 11656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_62K.txt
28825 11752 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_63K.txt
28831 11852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_64K.txt
28836 11956 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_65K.txt
28842 12052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_66K.txt
28847 12152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_67K.txt
28853 12256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_68K.txt
28859 12356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_69K.txt
28864 12452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_70K.txt
28871 12556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_71K.txt
28877 12652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_72K.txt
28883 12756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_73K.txt
28889 12856 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_74K.txt
28894 12952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_75K.txt
28900 13056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_76K.txt
28906 13156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_77K.txt
28911 13256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_78K.txt
28917 13352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_79K.txt
28922 13452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_80K.txt
28928 13556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_81K.txt
28934 13652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_82K.txt
28939 13752 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_83K.txt
28945 13852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_84K.txt
28951 13952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_85K.txt
28956 14052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_86K.txt
28962 14152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_87K.txt
28967 14256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_88K.txt
28973 14352 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_89K.txt
28979 14456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_90K.txt
28984 14552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_91K.txt
28990 14652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_92K.txt
28996 14756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_93K.txt
29001 14852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_94K.txt
29007 14956 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_95K.txt
29012 15052 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_96K.txt
29018 15156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_97K.txt
29024 15252 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_98K.txt
29029 15360 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_99K.txt
29035 15456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_100K.txt
29040 15556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_101K.txt
29046 15652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_102K.txt
29052 15756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_103K.txt
29057 15852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_104K.txt
29063 15952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_105K.txt
29069 16056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_106K.txt
29074 16152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_107K.txt
29080 16256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_108K.txt
29085 16356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_109K.txt
29091 16452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_110K.txt
29097 16552 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_111K.txt
29102 16652 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_112K.txt
29108 16756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_113K.txt
29113 16852 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_114K.txt
29119 16952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_115K.txt
29125 17056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_116K.txt
29130 17156 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_117K.txt
29136 17256 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_118K.txt
29141 17356 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_119K.txt
29147 17452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_120K.txt
29153 17556 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_121K.txt
29158 17656 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_122K.txt
29164 17756 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_123K.txt
29170 17856 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_124K.txt
29175 17952 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_125K.txt
29181 18056 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_126K.txt
29186 18152 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_127K.txt
29192  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_128K.txt
29198  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_129K.txt
29203  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_130K.txt
29209  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_131K.txt
29215  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_132K.txt
29220  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_133K.txt
29226  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_134K.txt
29231  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_135K.txt
29237  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_136K.txt
29243  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_137K.txt
29248  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_138K.txt
29254  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_139K.txt
29260  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_140K.txt
29265  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_141K.txt
29271  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_142K.txt
29276  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_143K.txt
29282  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_144K.txt
29288  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_145K.txt
29293  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_146K.txt
29299  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_147K.txt
29305  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_148K.txt
29310  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_149K.txt
29316  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_150K.txt
29321  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_151K.txt
29327  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_152K.txt
29333  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_153K.txt
29338  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_154K.txt
29344  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_155K.txt
29349  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_156K.txt
29355  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_157K.txt
29361  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_158K.txt
29366  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_159K.txt
29372  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_160K.txt
29378  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_161K.txt
29383  5460 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_162K.txt
29389  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_163K.txt
29394  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_164K.txt
29400  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_165K.txt
29406  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_166K.txt
29411  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_167K.txt
29417  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_168K.txt
29423  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_169K.txt
29428  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_170K.txt
29434  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_171K.txt
29439  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_172K.txt
29445  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_173K.txt
29451  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_174K.txt
29456  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_175K.txt
29463  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_176K.txt
29483  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_177K.txt
29489  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_178K.txt
29496  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_179K.txt
29501  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_180K.txt
29507  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_181K.txt
29512  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_182K.txt
29518  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_183K.txt
29524  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_184K.txt
29529  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_185K.txt
29535  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_186K.txt
29541  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_187K.txt
29546  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_188K.txt
29552  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_189K.txt
29557  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_190K.txt
29563  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_191K.txt
29569  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_192K.txt
29574  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_193K.txt
29580  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_194K.txt
29586  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_195K.txt
29591  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_196K.txt
29597  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_197K.txt
29602  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_198K.txt
29608  5456 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_199K.txt
29614  5452 S pts/16   00:00:00 python debug_memory.py data/stuff_200K.txt

有人可以解释发生了什么事? 为什么要使用文件<128KB,当我看到在内存使用量的增加?

我完全测试环境位于: https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/50f73358c7a84a504333ce9c4071b0f3537bbc0f

我在Ubuntu 12.04执行Python 2.7.3。

更新1

这个问题并非特定与文件<128K大小的工作。 我得到了相同的结果对象属性设置为一个值大小相同,从文件中读取。 以下是更新后的代码:

import sys
import time


class MyObj(object):
    def __init__(self, size_kb):
        self.att = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024


def myfunc(size_kb):
    mylist = [MyObj(size_kb) for x in xrange(100)]
    len(mylist)
    return []


def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]
    myfunc(size_kb)
    time.sleep(3600)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

运行此脚本提供了类似的结果。 更新后的测试环境位于: https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/59b7ff61134dfc11c4195e9201b2c1728ed4fcce

更新2

我进一步简化我的测试脚本是:1.去除,并简单的创建字符串2.删除列表myfunc()并使用del删除mylist对象

import sys
import time

def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]

    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mylist.append(mystr)

    del mylist

    time.sleep(3600)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

我简单的脚本也给出了类似的结果,以原。 但是,如果我没有创建一个单独的字符串变量,我没有看到在内存的增加。 这里是不创建内存增加了脚本:

import sys
import time

def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]

    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mylist.append(' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024)

    del mylist

    time.sleep(3600)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

更新后的测试环境位于: https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/423ca6a50dccbe32572a9d0dea1068ddcb06663b

更多问题:

  • 别人可以复制我的结果?
  • 是由看到内存的增加ps预期?

正在发生的事情提示

我发现有关看起来他们可能与此问题有关“免费清单”一些有趣的信息:

  • 为什么Python释放内存,当我删除一个大对象?
  • 怎样才能在Python我明确地释放内存?
  • Python的内存管理- Theano v0.6rc3文档

从最后一个环节:

到加速存贮器分配(和再利用)Python使用小物品若干清单。 每个列表将包含类似大小的物体

事实上:如果(尺寸X)的项目被释放(由于缺乏参考释放)其位置不会返回到Python的全局内存池(甚至更少的系统),而仅仅是标记为空闲,并添加到空闲列表尺寸X的项目。

如果小物件记忆永远不会被释放,那么不可避免的结论是,像金鱼,这些小物件只列出保持增长,从来没有萎缩,而且您的应用程序的内存占用量是通过在任何给定的分配小对象的数量最多的主导点。

更新3

我过于简单的代码更新2.添加行del mystr的脚本的末尾释放的内存。 (参见: https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/blob/dd058e4774802cae7cbfca520fb835ea46b645e8/debug_memory_leaks.py )

我更新脚本充分复杂证明的问题。 这个问题仍然存在下面的代码。 最新的代码/环境位于: https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/fc0c8ce9ba621cb86b6abb93adf1b297a7c0230b

import gc
import sys
import time


def main():
    size_kb = sys.argv[1]

    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mydict = {'mykey': mystr}
        mylist.append(mydict)

    del mystr
    del mydict
    del mylist

    gc.collect()

    time.sleep(3600)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

我也跑的脚本是一些其他的环境。 奇怪的结果是从一个干净的virtualenv内运行。 在这种情况下,内存效能骤降发生在260KB而非128KB。 见https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/tree/52fbd5d57ff45affdcd70623ddb74fa1f1ffbbc2

环境:

  • Ubuntu的12.04 64位系统的Python 2.7.3:原运行
  • Ubuntu的12.04 64位,的Python 3.3.0从源代码编译:类似的结果
  • 科学版Linux 6 64位的Python 2.6.6:类似的结果
  • Ubuntu的12.04 64位,的Python 2.7.3从的virtualenv:存储器送货在260KB,而不是发生128KB

更多的参考资料:

  • http://revista.python.org.ar/2/en/html/memory-fragmentation.html
  • http://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory.html
  • http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2004-October/049480.html (注:这是自2004年)
  • http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2006-March/061991.html
  • http://www.evanjones.ca/memoryallocator/
  • http://www.evanjones.ca/memory-allocator.pdf
  • http://hg.python.org/releasing/2.7.3/file/7bb96963d067/Objects/obmalloc.c

    阅读一些这些之后,我看到了256KB的“舞台大小”的参考。 也许这是相关的?

UPDATE 4(主要是解决)

舒伦克发现的内存使用情况在128KB脱落的原因 。 128KB是在该“存储器分配函数”(malloc的?)使用mmap而不是增加使用SBRK程序破的点。 有趣的是,该阈值可通过环境变量来改变。 我跑的测试设置MALLOC_MMAP_THRESHOLD_环境变量为不同的值,并在存储器使用的送货匹配该值。 在这里看到的结果: https://github.com/saltycrane/debugging-python-memory-usage/blob/97d93cd165a139a6b6f96720de63a92561dd2f05/output_debug_memory_leaks.py.txt

我还是想知道,如果它预期的行为对我的剧本泄露的字符串值<128KB的内存。

一些更多的链接:

  • mallopt(3) - Linux的手册页 (从舒伦克)
  • Python的内存管理和TCMalloc | 推进网络
  • 回复:设置X向无和德尔的x不会在Python 2.7.1(HPUX 11.23,IA64)«蟒蛇名单«ActiveState公司列表归档释放内存
  • 发行3526:在SunOS和AIX定制的malloc实现- Python的跟踪器
  • 使MMAP / BRK阈值的malloc动态,以提高性能

注:根据最后两个环节,有一个性能(速度)创出使用mmap而不是SBRK的。

Answer 1:

你可能只是击中了Linux的内存分配的默认行为。

基本上Linux有两种分配策略,SBRK()用于存储和MMAP()为较大的块的小块。 SBRK()分配的内存块不容易返回到系统,而mmap()的基础们可以(只是取消映射页)。

所以,如果你分配一个内存块大于该值,其中在libc中的malloc()分配决定SBRK()和mmap()的,你看这个效果之间进行切换。 见mallopt()调用,尤其是MMAP_THRESHOLD( http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/mallopt.3.html )。

更新要回答你的问题外:是的,预计您泄漏内存的方式,如果内存分配的工作原理是在Linux上的libc之一。 如果您使用的Windows LowFragmentationHeap相反,它可能会不漏,在AIX上类似,这取决于其配置的malloc。 也许其他分配器的一个(tcmalloc等),也解决此类问题。 SBRK()是极快的,但与内存碎片问题。 CPython中不能做这件事,因为它不具有压缩垃圾收集器,但是简单的引用计数。

python提供了几个方法来这里减少缓冲的分配,例如参见博客文章: http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2011/11/28/less-copies-in-python-with-the-buffer-protocol -and-memoryviews /



Answer 2:

我会去了解一下垃圾收集。 这可能是较大的文件触发垃圾收集更频繁,但小的文件被释放,但集体住在某个阈值。 具体而言,调用GC.Collect(),然后调用gc.get_referrers()的对象,希望能够揭示了什么是保持一个实例各地。 看到这里的Python的文档:

http://docs.python.org/2/library/gc.html?highlight=gc#gc.get_referrers

更新:

这个问题涉及到垃圾收集,命名空间和引用计数。 您发布的bash脚本是给垃圾收集器的行为的一个相当狭窄的看法。 尝试更大范围内,你会看到在一定范围内将有多少内存采取的模式。 例如,改变的是bash for循环获得较大范围,是这样的: seq 0 16 2056

你注意到了内存使用情况是,如果你减少del mystr ,因为你要删除留给它的任何引用。 类似的结果可能会发生,如果你限制了myStr的变量,以它自己的功能,如下所示:

def loopy():
    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mydict = {x: mystr}
        mylist.append(mydict)
    return mylist

而不是使用的bash脚本,我想你可以使用一个内存分析器获得更多有用的信息。 下面是使用几个例子Pympler 。 这第一个版本是类似于您的代码更新3:

import gc
import sys
import time
from pympler import tracker

tr = tracker.SummaryTracker()
print 'begin:'
tr.print_diff()

size_kb = sys.argv[1]

mylist = []
mydict = {}

print 'empty list & dict:'
tr.print_diff()

for x in xrange(100):
    mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
    mydict = {x: mystr}
    mylist.append(mydict)

print 'after for loop:'
tr.print_diff()

del mystr
del mydict
del mylist

print 'after deleting stuff:'
tr.print_diff()

collected = gc.collect()
print 'after garbage collection (collected: %d):' % collected
tr.print_diff()

time.sleep(2)
print 'took a short nap after all that work:'
tr.print_diff()

mylist = []
print 'create an empty list for some reason:'
tr.print_diff()

和输出:

$ python mem_test.py 256
begin:
                  types |   # objects |    total size
======================= | =========== | =============
                   list |         957 |      97.44 KB
                    str |         951 |      53.65 KB
                    int |         118 |       2.77 KB
     wrapper_descriptor |           8 |     640     B
                weakref |           3 |     264     B
      member_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
      getset_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
  function (store_info) |           1 |     120     B
                   cell |           2 |     112     B
         instancemethod |          -1 |     -80     B
       _sre.SRE_Pattern |          -2 |    -176     B
                  tuple |          -1 |    -216     B
                   dict |           2 |   -1744     B
empty list & dict:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           2 |    168     B
    str |           2 |     97     B
    int |           1 |     24     B
after for loop:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
    str |           1 |    256.04 KB
   list |           0 |    848     B
after deleting stuff:
  types |   # objects |      total size
======= | =========== | ===============
   list |          -1 |      -920     B
    str |          -1 |   -262181     B
after garbage collection (collected: 0):
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
took a short nap after all that work:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
create an empty list for some reason:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           1 |     72     B

对于str类的for循环总规模后公告为256 KB,基本上是相同的,因为我传递给它的参数。 明确地去除参考myStr中在后del mystr内存被释放。 在此之后,垃圾已经回升,所以没有进一步降低后gc.collect()

下一个版本使用函数创建的字符串不同的命名空间。

import gc
import sys
import time
from pympler import tracker

def loopy():
    mylist = []
    for x in xrange(100):
        mystr = ' ' * int(size_kb) * 1024
        mydict = {x: mystr}
        mylist.append(mydict)
    return mylist


tr = tracker.SummaryTracker()
print 'begin:'
tr.print_diff()

size_kb = sys.argv[1]

mylist = loopy()

print 'after for loop:'
tr.print_diff()

del mylist

print 'after deleting stuff:'
tr.print_diff()

collected = gc.collect()
print 'after garbage collection (collected: %d):' % collected
tr.print_diff()

time.sleep(2)
print 'took a short nap after all that work:'
tr.print_diff()

mylist = []
print 'create an empty list for some reason:'
tr.print_diff()

最后,从这个版本的输出:

$ python mem_test_2.py 256
begin:
                  types |   # objects |    total size
======================= | =========== | =============
                   list |         958 |      97.53 KB
                    str |         952 |      53.70 KB
                    int |         118 |       2.77 KB
     wrapper_descriptor |           8 |     640     B
                weakref |           3 |     264     B
      member_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
      getset_descriptor |           2 |     144     B
  function (store_info) |           1 |     120     B
                   cell |           2 |     112     B
         instancemethod |          -1 |     -80     B
       _sre.SRE_Pattern |          -2 |    -176     B
                  tuple |          -1 |    -216     B
                   dict |           2 |   -1744     B
after for loop:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           2 |   1016     B
    str |           2 |     97     B
    int |           1 |     24     B
after deleting stuff:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |          -1 |   -920     B
after garbage collection (collected: 0):
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
took a short nap after all that work:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
create an empty list for some reason:
  types |   # objects |   total size
======= | =========== | ============
   list |           1 |     72     B

现在,我们没有清理海峡,我觉得这个例子显示了为什么使用功能是一个好主意。 生成代码,其中有一个大块在一个命名空间是真正防止垃圾回收器做的工作。 它不会进入你的房子,并开始假设的东西是垃圾:)它必须知道的东西是安全的收集。

埃文·琼斯链接是非常有趣的BTW。



文章来源: Memory leak when using strings < 128KB in Python?