How to dynamically load modules and execute method

问题:

I'm following up on this question about perl web services. I've managed to get modules loading and executing from a main program. Each of the modules is something like this:

#!/usr/bin/perl
package NiMbox::perlet::skeleton;

use strict;
use warnings;

require Exporter;
our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
our @EXPORT_OK = qw(%DEFINITION main secondary);

our %DEFINITION;
$DEFINITION{'main'} = {
    summary => 'skeleton main',
    description => 'long skeleton main description',
    args => { 'box' => {}, 'other' => {} }
};
$DEFINITION{'secondary'} = {
    summary => 'skeleton secondary',
    description => 'long skeleton secondary description'
};

sub main {
    print "main...\n";
}

sub secondary {
    print "secondary...\n"
}

1; 

And invocation of these modules can then be done like this:

use NiMbox::perlet::skeleton;

my %DEFINITION = %NiMbox::perlet::skeleton::DEFINITION;
foreach my $s (keys %DEFINITION) {
    print "calling sub '$s'\n";
    NiMbox::perlet::skeleton->$s();
}

How would I get rid of the direct invocation of NiMbox::perlet:skeleton in a way in which I could do something that looks like this (which does not work but illustrates what I need to do):

my $perlet = 'skeleton';

use NiMbox::perlet::$perlet;

my %DEFINITION = %NiMbox::perlet::$perlet::DEFINITION;
foreach my $s (keys %DEFINITION) {
    print "calling sub '$s'\n";
    NiMbox::perlet::$perlet->$s();
}

Since I'm very close I would rather see what is missing in this example rather than use another library. Any ideas?

回答1:

I believe what you're looking for is Exporter or its many follow on modules. I see you're already using it in your module, but you're not using it to get %DEFINITION. You'd do that like so:

use NiMbox::perlet::skeleton qw(%DEFINITION);

foreach my $s (keys %DEFINITION) {
    print "calling sub '$s'\n";
    NiMbox::perlet::skeleton->$s();
}

That aliases %NiMbox::perlet::skeleton::DEFINITION to %DEFINITION and saves a bunch of typing.

To be able to use a variable definition of %DEFINITION you could use "symbolic references" to refer to the variable by name... but those are fraught with peril. Also, exporting global variables means you can only have one at a time in a given namespace. We can do better.

What I would suggest is instead changing the %DEFINITION hash into the definition() class method which returns a reference to %DEFINITION. You could return a hash, but the reference avoids wasting time copying.

package NiMbox::perlet::skeleton;

use strict;
use warnings;

my %DEFINITION = ...;

sub definition {
    return \%DEFINITION;
}

Now you can call that method and get the hash ref.

use NiMbox::perlet::skeleton;

my $definition = NiMbox::perlet::skeleton->definition;

foreach my $s (keys %$definition) {
    print "calling sub '$s'\n";
    NiMbox::perlet::skeleton->$s();
}

Doing it dynamically, the only trick is to load the class. You can eval "require $class" or die $@ but that has security implications. UNIVERSAL::require or Module::Load can handle that better for you.

use Module::Load;

my $class = 'NiMbox::perlet::skeleton';
load $class;

my $definition = $class->definition;

foreach my $s (keys %$definition) {
    print "calling sub '$s'\n";
    $class->$s();
}

回答2:

If you want to make the class name dynamic, you can do something like this:

my $class = 'NiMbox::perlet::' . $perlet;
my $class_file = $class;
$class_file =~ s{::}{/};
$class_file .= '.pm';

require $class_file;
$class->import;

(Or even better, use Module::Load as @Schwern suggests.

Getting the %DEFINITION class is a bit tricky since it would involve symbolic references. A better way would be to provide a class method that returns it, e.g.

package NiMbox::perlet::skeleton;
...
sub definition { 
    my %definition;
    $definition{main} = { summary => 'skeleton main', ... };
    return %definition;
}

Then you could do something like:

my %DEFINITION = $class->definition;
foreach my $s( keys %DEFINITION ) { 
    print "calling sub '$s'\n";
    $class->$s;
}