Will the base class constructor be automatically c

问题:

class Person
{
    public int age;
    public Person()
    {
        age = 1;
    }
}

class Customer : Person
{
    public Customer()
    {
        age += 1;
    }
}

Customer customer = new Customer();

Would the age of customer be 2? It seems like the base class's constructor will be called no matter what. If so, why do we need to call base at the end sometimes?

public Customer() : base()
{
    .............
}

回答1:

This is simply how C# is going to work. The constructors for each type in the type hierarchy will be called in the order of Most Base -> Most Derived.

So in your particular instance, it calls Person(), and then Customer() in the constructor orders. The reason why you need to sometimes use the base constructor is when the constructors below the current type need additional parameters. For example:

public class Base
{
     public int SomeNumber { get; set; }

     public Base(int someNumber)
     {
         SomeNumber = someNumber;
     }
}

public class AlwaysThreeDerived : Base
{
    public AlwaysThreeDerived()
       : base(3)
    {
    }
}

In order to construct an AlwaysThreeDerived object, it has a parameterless constructor. However, the Base type does not. So in order to create a parametersless constructor, you need to provide an argument to the base constuctor, which you can do with the base implementation.

回答2:

Yes, the base class constructor will be called automatically. You do not need to add an explicit call to base() when there is a constructor with no arguments.

You can easily test this by printing out the age of the customer after construction (link to ideone with a demo).

回答3:

If you did not have a default parameterless constructor then there would be a need to call the one with parameters:

class Person
{
    public Person(string random)
    {

    }
}

class Customer : Person
{
    public Customer(string random) : base (random)
    {

    }
}

回答4:

In c# using base and derived classes THERE MUST BE SOME IMPLICIT OR EXPLICIT CALL TO SOME CONSTRUCTOR IN THE BASE CLASS FROM THE DERIVED CLASS.

I didn't understand how all this worked until I realized that fact.

In other words, when you connect a base class to a derived class, some constructor must be called in the base class from the derived. The base class is always instantiated first from the derived class via a call to some constructor in the base class. C# doesn't care if it is a default constructor or non-default constructor with parameters. That is why you can leave out a default constructor in all your classes as its called implicitly ONLY IF no other non-constructor with parameter(s) is added in the base class.

When you suddenly add a non-default constructor with parameter(s), it breaks the default hidden default constructor chain creation and calls. In your Base class with a non-default constructor you must now either call that constructor explicitly from the derived class or add a default constructor explicitly in the base class.

Let's test this.....

// THIS WORKS!!!
class MyBaseClass0
{
    // no default constructor - created automatically for you
}
class DerivedClass0 : MyBaseClass0
{
    // no default constructor - created automatically for you and calls the base class default constructor above
}

// THIS WORKS!!!
class MyBaseClass1
{
    // same as above
}
class DerivedClass1 : MyBaseClass1
{
    public DerivedClass1()
    {
      // here the derived class default constructor is created explicitly but the call to the base class default constructor is implicitly called
    }
}

// AND THIS WORKS!!!
class MyBaseClass2
{
    // as above
}
class DerivedClass2 : MyBaseClass2
{
    public DerivedClass2() : base()
    {
       // here we explicitly call the default constructor in the base class using base(). note its optional as base constructor would be called anyway here
    }
}

// AND THIS WORKS!!!
class MyBaseClass3
{
    // no default constructor
}
class DerivedClass3 : MyBaseClass3
{
    public DerivedClass3(int x)//non-default constructor
    {
       // as above, the default constructor in the base class is called behind the scenes implicitly here
    }
}

// AND THIS WORKS
class MyBaseClass4
{
    // non default constructor but missing default constructor
    public MyBaseClass4(string y)
    {

    }
}
class DerivedClass4 : MyBaseClass4
{
    // non default constructor but missing default constructor
    public DerivedClass4(int x) : base("hello")
    {
       // note that here, we have fulfilled the requirement that some constructor be called in base even if its not default
    }
}

// BUT THIS FAILS!!!...until you either add in a base() call to the non-default constructor or add in the default constructor into base!
class MyBaseClass5
{
    // 1. EITHER ADD MISSING DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR HERE AND CALL IT USING base() below....
    public MyBaseClass5() { }

    // 2. Or use the non-default constructor and call to base("hello") below
    //public MyBaseClass5(string y)
    //{
    //}
}
class DerivedClass5 : MyBaseClass5
{
    public DerivedClass5(int x) : base()// 1. Either ADD explicit call here to explicit default constructor in base class
    {
    }

    //public DerivedClass5(int x) : base("hello")// 2. Or ADD explicit call here to parameter-based constructor in base class
    //{
    //}
}

The reason all the items above work is either: 1. The call to the default constructor in the base class is implicitly created in the base class and implicitly called from the derived because no non-default constructor has been added to the base class or 2. There is an explicit call to non-default , parameter-based constructor using base(myparamter)

• What's confusing is when and why default constructors get created in base classes and called from derived classes. That only occurs if NO non-default constructors appears in the base.

回答5:

base() is called by default but it can be used for other purpose such as :

1. base()` method is used to pass the value to the parent class construct or
2. to call the no-arg constructor of parent class .

for example:

Case 1: if parent have parametrized constructor but not default or no-arg constructor.

 class Person
 {

    private string FirstName;
    private string LastName;
    private string EmailAddress;
    private DateTime DateOfBirth;

    public Person(string firstName, string lastName, string emailAddress, DateTime dateOfBirth)
    {
        FirstName = firstName;
        LastName = lastName;
        EmailAddress = emailAddress;
        DateOfBirth = dateOfBirth;

    }
    }
class Employee : Person
{
    private double Salary { get; set; } = 0;

    public Employee(string firstName, string lastName, string emailAddress, DateTime dateOfBirth,double salary)
        :base(firstName,lastName,emailAddress,dateOfBirth)// used to pass value to parent constructor and it is mandatory if parent doesn't have the no-argument constructor.
    {
        Salary = salary;
    }
}

Case 2: when parent have more than one constructor along with default one.

class Person
{

    private string FirstName;
    private string LastName;
    private string EmailAddress;
    private DateTime DateOfBirth;

    public Person()
    {
        // some important intialization's to be done  

    }

    public Person(string firstName, string lastName, string emailAddress, DateTime dateOfBirth)
    {
        FirstName = firstName;
        LastName = lastName;
        EmailAddress = emailAddress;
        DateOfBirth = dateOfBirth;

    }
    }
class PermanentEmployee : Person
{
    public double HRA { get; set; }
    public double DA { get; set; }
    public double Tax { get; set; }
    public double NetPay { get; set; }
    public double TotalPay { get; set; }

    public PermanentEmployee(double hRA, double dA, double tax, double netPay, double totalPay) : base();
    {
        HRA = hRA;
        DA = dA;
        Tax = tax;
        NetPay = netPay;
        TotalPay = totalPay;
    }
}

Here we are calling a no-arg constructor manually by base() to perform some intilizations but doesn'e passed any value.

Hope this will help you.

回答6:

I don't have much to add, but I have found that I need to call MyConstructor() : base() with no params in 1 case. I have a base class that implements INotifyPropertyChanged in a way where I have a RegisterProperties() virtual function. When I override it, it is called in the base constructor. So I end up having to call it in the most recently derived subclasses because the base was apparently called before the overridden virtual was recognized. My properties don't notify unless I do this. The entire base class is below.

I added a DatabaseTraits subclass directly below it. Without the empty base() call, my properties don't call OnPropertyChanged().

[DataContract]
public abstract class DataModelBase : INotifyPropertyChanged, IDataErrorInfo {

    #region Properties

    [IgnoreDataMember]
    public object Self {
        get { return this; }
        //only here to trigger change
        set { OnPropertyChanged("Self"); }
    }

    #endregion Properties

    #region Members

    [IgnoreDataMember]
    public Dispatcher Dispatcher { get; set; }

    [DataMember]
    private Dictionary<object, string> _properties = new Dictionary<object, string>();

    #endregion Members

    #region Initialization

    public DataModelBase() {
        if(Application.Current != null) Dispatcher = Application.Current.Dispatcher;
        _properties.Clear();
        RegisterProperties();
    }

    #endregion Initialization

    #region Abstract Methods

    /// <summary>
    /// This method must be defined
    /// </summar
    protected abstract void RegisterProperties();

    #endregion Abstract Methods

    #region Behavior

    protected virtual void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName) {
        PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
    }

    protected bool RegisterProperty<T>(ref T property, string propertyName) {
        //causes problems in design mode
        //if (property == null) throw new Exception("DataModelBase.RegisterProperty<T> : ref T property cannot be null.");
        if (_properties.ContainsKey(property)) return false;

        _properties.Add(property, propertyName);

        return true;
    }

    protected string GetPropertyName<T>(ref T property) {
        if (_properties.ContainsKey(property))
            return _properties[property];

        return string.Empty;
    }

    protected bool SetProperty<T>(ref T property, T value) {
        //if (EqualityComparer<T>.Default.Equals(property, value)) return false;
        property = value;
        OnPropertyChanged(GetPropertyName(ref property));
        OnPropertyChanged("Self");

        return true;
    }

    [OnDeserialized]
    public void AfterSerialization(StreamingContext context) {
        if (Application.Current != null) Dispatcher = Application.Current.Dispatcher;
        //---for some reason this member is not allocated after serialization
        if (_properties == null) _properties = new Dictionary<object, string>();
        _properties.Clear();
        RegisterProperties();
    }

    #endregion Behavior

    #region INotifyPropertyChanged Members

    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

    #endregion INotifyPropertyChanged Members

    #region IDataErrorInfo Members

    string IDataErrorInfo.Error {
        get { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
    }

    string IDataErrorInfo.this[string propertyName] {
        get { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
    }

    #endregion IDataErrorInfo Members

} //End class DataModelBaseclass DataModelBase

/*I decided to add an example subclass*/
    [DataContract]
public abstract class DatabaseTraits : DataModelBase {
    #region Properties
    private long _id = -1;
    [DataMember]
    public long Id {
        get { return _id; }
        set { SetProperty(ref _id, value); }
    }
    private bool _isLocked = false;
    [DataMember]
    public bool IsLocked {
        get { return _isLocked; }
        set { SetProperty(ref _isLocked, value); }
    }

    private string _lockedBy = string.Empty;
    [DataMember]
    public string LockedBy {
        get { return _lockedBy; }
        set { SetProperty(ref _lockedBy, value); }
    }

    private DateTime _lockDate = new DateTime(0);
    [DataMember]
    public DateTime LockDate {
        get { return _lockDate; }
        set { SetProperty(ref _lockDate, value); }
    }

    private bool _isDeleted = false;
    [DataMember]
    public bool IsDeleted {
        get { return _isDeleted; }
        set { SetProperty(ref _isDeleted, value); }
    }
    #endregion Properties

    #region Initialization
    public DatabaseTraits() : base() {
        /*makes sure my overriden RegisterProperties() is called.*/
    }
    protected override void RegisterProperties() {
        RegisterProperty(ref _id, "Id");
        RegisterProperty(ref _isLocked, "IsLocked");
        RegisterProperty(ref _lockedBy, "LockedBy");
        RegisterProperty(ref _lockDate, "LockDate");
        RegisterProperty(ref _isDeleted, "IsDeleted");
    }
    #endregion Initialization

    #region Methods
    public void Copy(DatabaseTraits that) {
        Id = that.Id;
        IsLocked = that.IsLocked;
        LockedBy = that.LockedBy;
        LockDate = that.LockDate;
        IsDeleted = that.IsDeleted;
    }
    #endregion Methods
}